Armi, L., and R. Williams, 1991: The deep western boundary undercurrent off the Newfoundland Ridge. Deep-Sea Res. I, 38, 371–391, doi:10.1016/0198-0149(91)90074-P.
Bacon, S., and P. M. Saunders, 2010: The deep western boundary current at Cape Farewell: Results from a moored current meter array. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 40, 815–829, doi:10.1175/2009JPO4091.1.
Biastoch, A., C. W. Böning, J. Getzlaff, J.-M. Molines, and G. Madec, 2008: Causes of interannual–decadal variability in the meridional overturning circulation of the midlatitude North Atlantic Ocean. J. Climate, 21, 6599–6615, doi:10.1175/2008JCLI2404.1.
Bleck, R., 2002: An oceanic general circulation model framed in hybrid isopycnic-Cartesian coordinates. Ocean Modell., 4, 55–88, doi:10.1016/S1463-5003(01)00012-9.
Böning, C. W., M. Scheinert, J. Dengg, A. Biastoch, and A. Funk, 2006: Decadal variability of subpolar gyre transport and its reverberation in the North Atlantic overturning. Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L21S01, doi:10.1029/2006GL026906.
Bower, A. S., M. S. Lozier, S. F. Gary, and C. W. Böning, 2009: Interior pathways of the North Atlantic meridional overturning circulation. Nature, 459, 243–247, doi:10.1038/nature07979.
Bower, A. S., M. S. Lozier, and S. F. Gary, 2011: Export of Labrador Sea Water from the subpolar North Atlantic: A Lagrangian perspective. Deep-Sea Res. II, 58, 1798–1818, doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.10.060.
Bryden, H. L., W. E. Johns, and P. M. Saunders, 2005: Deep western boundary current east of Abaco: Mean structure and transport. J. Mar. Res., 63, 35–57, doi:10.1357/0022240053693806.
Carnes, M. R., 2009: Description and evaluation of GDEM-V 3.0. Naval Research Laboratory Tech. Rep. NRL/MR/7330–09-9165, 21 pp. [Available online at http://www7320.nrlssc.navy.mil/pubs/2009/carnes-2009.pdf.]
Chassignet, E. P., L. T. Smith, G. R. Halliwell, and R. Bleck, 2003: North Atlantic simulations with the Hybrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM): Impact of the vertical coordinate choice, reference pressure, and thermobaricity. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 33, 2504–2526, doi:10.1175/1520-0485(2003)033<2504:NASWTH>2.0.CO;2.
Clarke, R. A., H. W. Hill, R. F. Reiniger, and B. A. Warren, 1980: Current system south and east of the Grand Banks of Newfoundland. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 10, 25–65, doi:10.1175/1520-0485(1980)010<0025:CSSAEO>2.0.CO;2.
Clarke, R. A., R. M. Hendry, and I. Yashayaev, 1998: A western boundary current meter array in the North Atlantic near 42°N. International WOCE Newsletter, No. 33, WOCE International Project Office, Southampton, United Kingdom, 33–34. [Available online at http://www.nodc.noaa.gov/woce/wdiu/wocedocs/newsltr/news33/news33.pdf.]
Dickson, R. R., and J. Brown, 1994: The production of North Atlantic Deep Water: Source, rates, and pathways. J. Geophys. Res., 99, 12 319–12 341, doi:10.1029/94JC00530.
Dickson, R. R., I. Yashayaev, J. Meincke, B. Turrell, S. Dye, and J. Holfort, 2002: Rapid freshening of the deep North Atlantic over the past four decades. Nature, 416, 832–837, doi:10.1038/416832a.
Dickson, R. R., and Coauthors, 2008: The overflow flux west of Iceland: Variability, origins, and forcing. Arctic–Subarctic Ocean Fluxes: Defining the Role of the Northern Seas in Climate, R. R. Dickson, J. Meincke, and P. B. Rhines, Eds., Springer, 443–474, doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-6774-7_20.
Fischer, J., F. A. Schott, and M. Dengler, 2004: Boundary circulation at the exit of the Labrador Sea. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 34, 1548–1570, doi:10.1175/1520-0485(2004)034<1548:BCATEO>2.0.CO;2.
Fischer, J., M. Visbeck, R. Zantopp, and N. Nunes, 2010: Interannual to decadal variability of outflow from the Labrador Sea. Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L24610, doi:10.1029/2010GL045321.
Gary, S. F., M. Susan Lozier, C. W. Böning, and A. Biastoch, 2011: Deciphering the pathways for the deep limb of the meridional overturning circulation. Deep-Sea Res. II, 58, 1781–1797, doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.10.059.
Girton, J. B., and T. B. Sanford, 2003: Descent and modification of the overflow plume in the Denmark Strait. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 33, 1351–1363, doi:10.1175/1520-0485(2003)033<1351:DAMOTO>2.0.CO;2.
Hall, M. M., D. J. Torres, and I. Yashayaev, 2013: Absolute velocity along the AR7W section in the Labrador Sea. Deep-Sea Res. I, 72, 72–87, doi:10.1016/j.dsr.2012.11.005.
Holland, W. R., and P. B. Rhines, 1980: An example of eddy-induced ocean circulation. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 10, 1010–1031, doi:10.1175/1520-0485(1980)010<1010:AEOEIO>2.0.CO;2.
Jenkins, W. J., and P. B. Rhines, 1980: Tritium in the deep North Atlantic Ocean. Nature, 286, 877–880, doi:10.1038/286877a0.
Jochumsen, K., D. Quadfasel, H. Valdimarsson, and S. Jónsson, 2012: Variability of the Denmark Strait overflow: Moored time series from 1996–2011. J. Geophys. Res., 117, C12003, doi:10.1029/2012JC008244.
Johns, W. E., L. M. Beal, M. O. Baringer, J. R. Molina, S. A. Cunningham, T. Kanzow, and D. Rayner, 2008: Variability of shallow and deep western boundary currents off the Bahamas during 2004–05: Results from the 26°N RAPID–MOC array. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 38, 605–623, doi:10.1175/2007JPO3791.1.
Kanzow, T., and W. Zenk, 2014: Structure and transport of the Iceland Scotland Overflow plume along the Reykjanes Ridge in the Iceland basin. Deep-Sea Res. I, 86, 82–93, doi:10.1016/j.dsr.2013.11.003.
Klaucke, I., and R. Hesse, 1996: Fluvial features in the deep-sea: New insights from the glacigenic submarine drainage system of the Northwest Atlantic Mid-Ocean Channel in the Labrador Sea. Sediment. Geol., 106, 223–234, doi:10.1016/S0037-0738(96)00008-5.
Large, W. G., J. C. McWilliams, and S. C. Doney, 1994: Ocean vertical mixing: A review and a model with a nonlocal boundary layer parameterization. Rev. Geophys., 32, 363–403, doi:10.1029/94RG01872.
Lazier, J. R. N., 1994: Observations in the northwest corner of the North Atlantic Current. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 24, 1449–1463, doi:10.1175/1520-0485(1994)024<1449:OITNCO>2.0.CO;2.
Lazier, J. R. N., R. Hendry, A. Clarke, I. Yashayaev, and P. Rhines, 2002: Convection and restratification in the Labrador Sea, 1990–2000. Deep-Sea Res. I, 49, 1819–1835, doi:10.1016/S0967-0637(02)00064-X.
LeBel, D. A., and Coauthors, 2008: The formation rate of North Atlantic Deep Water and Eighteen Degree Water calculated from CFC-11 inventories observed during WOCE. Deep-Sea Res. I, 55, 891–910, doi:10.1016/j.dsr.2008.03.009.
Lozier, M. S., S. F. Gary, and A. S. Bower, 2013: Simulated pathways of the overflow waters in the North Atlantic: Subpolar to subtropical export. Deep-Sea Res. II, 85, 147–153, doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2012.07.037.
Mauritzen, C., 1996: Production of dense overflow waters feeding the North Atlantic across the Greenland-Scotland Ridge. Part 1: Evidence for a revised circulation scheme. Deep-Sea Res. I, 43, 769–806, doi:10.1016/0967-0637(96)00037-4.
Orre, S., J. N. Smith, V. Alfimov, and M. Bentsen, 2009: Simulating transport of 129I and idealized tracers in the North Atlantic Ocean. Environ. Fluid Mech., 10, 213–233, doi:10.1007/s10652-009-9138-3.
Pickart, R. S., and R. X. Huang, 1995: Structure of an inertial deep western boundary current. J. Mar. Res., 53, 739–770, doi:10.1357/0022240953213007.
Pickart, R. S., D. J. Torres, and R. A. Clarke, 2002: Hydrography of the Labrador Sea during active convection. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 32, 428–457, doi:10.1175/1520-0485(2002)032<0428:HOTLSD>2.0.CO;2.
Polzin, K. L., J. M. Toole, J. R. Ledwell, and R. W. Schmitt, 1997: Spatial variation of turbulent mixing in the abyssal ocean. Science, 276, 93–96, doi:10.1126/science.276.5309.93.
Price, J. F., and M. O. Baringer, 1994: Outflows and deep water production by marginal seas. Prog. Oceanogr., 33, 161–200, doi:10.1016/0079-6611(94)90027-2.
Rhein, M., and Coauthors, 2002: Labrador Sea Water: Pathways, CFC inventory, and formation rates. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 32, 648–665, doi:10.1175/1520-0485(2002)032<0648:LSWPCI>2.0.CO;2.
Rhein, M., D. Kieke, S. H. Kabus, A. Roessler, C. Mertens, R. Meissner, C. W. Böning, and I. Yashayaev, 2011: Deep water formation, the subpolar gyre, and the meridional overturning circulation in the subpolar North Atlantic. Deep-Sea Res. II, 58, 1819–1832, doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.10.061.
Rhines, P. B., and W. R. Holland, 1979: A theoretical discussion of eddy-driven mean flows. Dyn. Atmos. Oceans, 3, 289–325, doi:10.1016/0377-0265(79)90015-0.
Rio, M. H., S. Guinehut, and G. Larnicol, 2011: New CNES-CLS09 global mean dynamic topography computed from the combination of GRACE data, altimetry, and in situ measurements. J. Geophys. Res., 116, C07018, doi:10.1029/2010JC006505.
Rosmond, T., J. Teixeira, M. Peng, T. Hogan, and R. Pauley, 2002: Navy Operational Global Atmospheric Prediction System (NOGAPS): Forcing for ocean models. Oceanography, 15, 99–108, doi:10.5670/oceanog.2002.40.
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The oceanic deep circulation is shared between concentrated deep western boundary currents (DWBCs) and broader interior pathways, a process that is sensitive to seafloor topography. This study investigates the spreading and deepening of Denmark Strait overflow water (DSOW) in the western subpolar North Atlantic using two 
The oceanic deep circulation is shared between concentrated deep western boundary currents (DWBCs) and broader interior pathways, a process that is sensitive to seafloor topography. This study investigates the spreading and deepening of Denmark Strait overflow water (DSOW) in the western subpolar North Atlantic using two
Armi, L., and R. Williams, 1991: The deep western boundary undercurrent off the Newfoundland Ridge. Deep-Sea Res. I, 38, 371–391, doi:10.1016/0198-0149(91)90074-P.
Bacon, S., and P. M. Saunders, 2010: The deep western boundary current at Cape Farewell: Results from a moored current meter array. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 40, 815–829, doi:10.1175/2009JPO4091.1.
Biastoch, A., C. W. Böning, J. Getzlaff, J.-M. Molines, and G. Madec, 2008: Causes of interannual–decadal variability in the meridional overturning circulation of the midlatitude North Atlantic Ocean. J. Climate, 21, 6599–6615, doi:10.1175/2008JCLI2404.1.
Bleck, R., 2002: An oceanic general circulation model framed in hybrid isopycnic-Cartesian coordinates. Ocean Modell., 4, 55–88, doi:10.1016/S1463-5003(01)00012-9.
Böning, C. W., M. Scheinert, J. Dengg, A. Biastoch, and A. Funk, 2006: Decadal variability of subpolar gyre transport and its reverberation in the North Atlantic overturning. Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L21S01, doi:10.1029/2006GL026906.
Bower, A. S., M. S. Lozier, S. F. Gary, and C. W. Böning, 2009: Interior pathways of the North Atlantic meridional overturning circulation. Nature, 459, 243–247, doi:10.1038/nature07979.
Bower, A. S., M. S. Lozier, and S. F. Gary, 2011: Export of Labrador Sea Water from the subpolar North Atlantic: A Lagrangian perspective. Deep-Sea Res. II, 58, 1798–1818, doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.10.060.
Bryden, H. L., W. E. Johns, and P. M. Saunders, 2005: Deep western boundary current east of Abaco: Mean structure and transport. J. Mar. Res., 63, 35–57, doi:10.1357/0022240053693806.
Carnes, M. R., 2009: Description and evaluation of GDEM-V 3.0. Naval Research Laboratory Tech. Rep. NRL/MR/7330–09-9165, 21 pp. [Available online at http://www7320.nrlssc.navy.mil/pubs/2009/carnes-2009.pdf.]
Chassignet, E. P., L. T. Smith, G. R. Halliwell, and R. Bleck, 2003: North Atlantic simulations with the Hybrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM): Impact of the vertical coordinate choice, reference pressure, and thermobaricity. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 33, 2504–2526, doi:10.1175/1520-0485(2003)033<2504:NASWTH>2.0.CO;2.
Clarke, R. A., H. W. Hill, R. F. Reiniger, and B. A. Warren, 1980: Current system south and east of the Grand Banks of Newfoundland. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 10, 25–65, doi:10.1175/1520-0485(1980)010<0025:CSSAEO>2.0.CO;2.
Clarke, R. A., R. M. Hendry, and I. Yashayaev, 1998: A western boundary current meter array in the North Atlantic near 42°N. International WOCE Newsletter, No. 33, WOCE International Project Office, Southampton, United Kingdom, 33–34. [Available online at http://www.nodc.noaa.gov/woce/wdiu/wocedocs/newsltr/news33/news33.pdf.]
Dickson, R. R., and J. Brown, 1994: The production of North Atlantic Deep Water: Source, rates, and pathways. J. Geophys. Res., 99, 12 319–12 341, doi:10.1029/94JC00530.
Dickson, R. R., I. Yashayaev, J. Meincke, B. Turrell, S. Dye, and J. Holfort, 2002: Rapid freshening of the deep North Atlantic over the past four decades. Nature, 416, 832–837, doi:10.1038/416832a.
Dickson, R. R., and Coauthors, 2008: The overflow flux west of Iceland: Variability, origins, and forcing. Arctic–Subarctic Ocean Fluxes: Defining the Role of the Northern Seas in Climate, R. R. Dickson, J. Meincke, and P. B. Rhines, Eds., Springer, 443–474, doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-6774-7_20.
Fischer, J., F. A. Schott, and M. Dengler, 2004: Boundary circulation at the exit of the Labrador Sea. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 34, 1548–1570, doi:10.1175/1520-0485(2004)034<1548:BCATEO>2.0.CO;2.
Fischer, J., M. Visbeck, R. Zantopp, and N. Nunes, 2010: Interannual to decadal variability of outflow from the Labrador Sea. Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L24610, doi:10.1029/2010GL045321.
Gary, S. F., M. Susan Lozier, C. W. Böning, and A. Biastoch, 2011: Deciphering the pathways for the deep limb of the meridional overturning circulation. Deep-Sea Res. II, 58, 1781–1797, doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.10.059.
Girton, J. B., and T. B. Sanford, 2003: Descent and modification of the overflow plume in the Denmark Strait. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 33, 1351–1363, doi:10.1175/1520-0485(2003)033<1351:DAMOTO>2.0.CO;2.
Hall, M. M., D. J. Torres, and I. Yashayaev, 2013: Absolute velocity along the AR7W section in the Labrador Sea. Deep-Sea Res. I, 72, 72–87, doi:10.1016/j.dsr.2012.11.005.
Holland, W. R., and P. B. Rhines, 1980: An example of eddy-induced ocean circulation. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 10, 1010–1031, doi:10.1175/1520-0485(1980)010<1010:AEOEIO>2.0.CO;2.
Jenkins, W. J., and P. B. Rhines, 1980: Tritium in the deep North Atlantic Ocean. Nature, 286, 877–880, doi:10.1038/286877a0.
Jochumsen, K., D. Quadfasel, H. Valdimarsson, and S. Jónsson, 2012: Variability of the Denmark Strait overflow: Moored time series from 1996–2011. J. Geophys. Res., 117, C12003, doi:10.1029/2012JC008244.
Johns, W. E., L. M. Beal, M. O. Baringer, J. R. Molina, S. A. Cunningham, T. Kanzow, and D. Rayner, 2008: Variability of shallow and deep western boundary currents off the Bahamas during 2004–05: Results from the 26°N RAPID–MOC array. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 38, 605–623, doi:10.1175/2007JPO3791.1.
Kanzow, T., and W. Zenk, 2014: Structure and transport of the Iceland Scotland Overflow plume along the Reykjanes Ridge in the Iceland basin. Deep-Sea Res. I, 86, 82–93, doi:10.1016/j.dsr.2013.11.003.
Klaucke, I., and R. Hesse, 1996: Fluvial features in the deep-sea: New insights from the glacigenic submarine drainage system of the Northwest Atlantic Mid-Ocean Channel in the Labrador Sea. Sediment. Geol., 106, 223–234, doi:10.1016/S0037-0738(96)00008-5.
Large, W. G., J. C. McWilliams, and S. C. Doney, 1994: Ocean vertical mixing: A review and a model with a nonlocal boundary layer parameterization. Rev. Geophys., 32, 363–403, doi:10.1029/94RG01872.
Lazier, J. R. N., 1994: Observations in the northwest corner of the North Atlantic Current. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 24, 1449–1463, doi:10.1175/1520-0485(1994)024<1449:OITNCO>2.0.CO;2.
Lazier, J. R. N., R. Hendry, A. Clarke, I. Yashayaev, and P. Rhines, 2002: Convection and restratification in the Labrador Sea, 1990–2000. Deep-Sea Res. I, 49, 1819–1835, doi:10.1016/S0967-0637(02)00064-X.
LeBel, D. A., and Coauthors, 2008: The formation rate of North Atlantic Deep Water and Eighteen Degree Water calculated from CFC-11 inventories observed during WOCE. Deep-Sea Res. I, 55, 891–910, doi:10.1016/j.dsr.2008.03.009.
Lozier, M. S., S. F. Gary, and A. S. Bower, 2013: Simulated pathways of the overflow waters in the North Atlantic: Subpolar to subtropical export. Deep-Sea Res. II, 85, 147–153, doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2012.07.037.
Mauritzen, C., 1996: Production of dense overflow waters feeding the North Atlantic across the Greenland-Scotland Ridge. Part 1: Evidence for a revised circulation scheme. Deep-Sea Res. I, 43, 769–806, doi:10.1016/0967-0637(96)00037-4.
Orre, S., J. N. Smith, V. Alfimov, and M. Bentsen, 2009: Simulating transport of 129I and idealized tracers in the North Atlantic Ocean. Environ. Fluid Mech., 10, 213–233, doi:10.1007/s10652-009-9138-3.
Pickart, R. S., and R. X. Huang, 1995: Structure of an inertial deep western boundary current. J. Mar. Res., 53, 739–770, doi:10.1357/0022240953213007.
Pickart, R. S., D. J. Torres, and R. A. Clarke, 2002: Hydrography of the Labrador Sea during active convection. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 32, 428–457, doi:10.1175/1520-0485(2002)032<0428:HOTLSD>2.0.CO;2.
Polzin, K. L., J. M. Toole, J. R. Ledwell, and R. W. Schmitt, 1997: Spatial variation of turbulent mixing in the abyssal ocean. Science, 276, 93–96, doi:10.1126/science.276.5309.93.
Price, J. F., and M. O. Baringer, 1994: Outflows and deep water production by marginal seas. Prog. Oceanogr., 33, 161–200, doi:10.1016/0079-6611(94)90027-2.
Rhein, M., and Coauthors, 2002: Labrador Sea Water: Pathways, CFC inventory, and formation rates. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 32, 648–665, doi:10.1175/1520-0485(2002)032<0648:LSWPCI>2.0.CO;2.
Rhein, M., D. Kieke, S. H. Kabus, A. Roessler, C. Mertens, R. Meissner, C. W. Böning, and I. Yashayaev, 2011: Deep water formation, the subpolar gyre, and the meridional overturning circulation in the subpolar North Atlantic. Deep-Sea Res. II, 58, 1819–1832, doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.10.061.
Rhines, P. B., and W. R. Holland, 1979: A theoretical discussion of eddy-driven mean flows. Dyn. Atmos. Oceans, 3, 289–325, doi:10.1016/0377-0265(79)90015-0.
Rio, M. H., S. Guinehut, and G. Larnicol, 2011: New CNES-CLS09 global mean dynamic topography computed from the combination of GRACE data, altimetry, and in situ measurements. J. Geophys. Res., 116, C07018, doi:10.1029/2010JC006505.
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