Abstract
The notion that wave-following buoys provide less accurate measurements of extreme waves than their Eulerian counterparts is a perception commonly held by oceanographers and engineers (Forristall 2000, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 30, 1931–1943, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(2000)030<1931:WCDOAS>2.0.CO;2). By performing a direct comparison between the two types of measurement under laboratory conditions, we examine one of the hypotheses underlying this perception and establish whether wave measurement buoys in extreme ocean waves correctly follow steep crests and behave in a purely Lagrangian manner. We present a direct comparison between Eulerian gauge and Lagrangian buoy measurements of steep directionally spread and crossing wave groups on deep water. Our experimental measurements are compared with exact (Herbers and Janssen 2016, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 46, 1009–1021, https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-15-0129.1) and new approximate expressions for Lagrangian second-order theory derived herein. We derive simple closed-form expressions for the second-order contribution to crest height representative of extreme ocean waves—namely, for a single narrowly spread wave group, two narrowly spread crossing wave groups, and a single strongly spread wave group. In the limit of large spreading or head-on crossing, Eulerian and Lagrangian measurements become equivalent. For the range of conditions that we test, we find that our buoy behaves in a Lagrangian manner, and our experimental observations compare extremely well to predictions made using second-order theory. In general, Eulerian and Lagrangian measurements of crest height are not significantly different for all degrees of directional spreading and crossing. However, second-order bound-wave energy is redistributed from superharmonics in Eulerian measurements to subharmonics in Lagrangian measurement, which affects the “apparent” steepness inferred from time histories and poses a potential issue for wave buoys that measure acceleration.
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