Abstract
We used a high-resolution cross-shelf two-dimensional numerical model to investigate the response of coastal wind-driven upwelling circulation to barotropic tidal forcing and lateral buoyant discharge over a broad continental shelf. We found that the tidally amplified asymmetric friction effect arising from the interaction between tidal and subtidal currents modulated the upwelling structure across the shelf. The interaction weakened the water outcropping (upwelling) in the inner shelf due to tidally amplified mixing, but enhanced cross-shore velocity offshore due to tidally induced asymmetric friction effect and nonlinear advection. The enhanced mixing changed the density in the bottom boundary layer and subsequently in the upwelling front, which eventually weakened the geostrophic alongshore flow. The mass and stratification inputs of the lateral buoyant discharge weakened or even reversed geostrophic dynamics for alongshore and upslope transports. The reversed cross-shore density and elevation gradient induced by the buoyant influx weakened the alongshore current and the associated bottom friction effect. The upslope cross-shore transport was reduced due to weakened alongshore flow and the associated bottom Ekman transport. The mass of buoyant influx compensated for the wind-driven offshore transport in the upper layer. The upwelling could be reversed to downwelling when the transport of lateral influx exceeded the wind-driven offshore transport. The responses of upwelling circulation to tidal and lateral buoyancy forcing highlighted in this process-oriented study are fundamental for interpreting more complex wind-driven shelf circulation.
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