Editorial Type:
Article
Article Type:
Research Article

Direct Evidence of Standing Internal Tide West of the Luzon Strait Observed by a Large-Scale Observation Array

Min Wang aSchool of Oceanography, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
bState Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou, China

Search for other papers by Min Wang in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
,
Xiao-Hua Zhu aSchool of Oceanography, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
bState Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou, China
cSouthern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, China

Search for other papers by Xiao-Hua Zhu in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
,
Hua Zheng aSchool of Oceanography, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
bState Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou, China

Search for other papers by Hua Zheng in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
,
Juntian Chen bState Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou, China

Search for other papers by Juntian Chen in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
,
Zhao-Jun Liu bState Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou, China

Search for other papers by Zhao-Jun Liu in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
,
Qiang Ren dKey Laboratory of Ocean Circulation and Waves, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
eCenter for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China

Search for other papers by Qiang Ren in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
,
Yansong Liu dKey Laboratory of Ocean Circulation and Waves, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
eCenter for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
fMarine Dynamic Process and Climate Function Laboratory, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, China

Search for other papers by Yansong Liu in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
,
Feng Nan dKey Laboratory of Ocean Circulation and Waves, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
eCenter for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
fMarine Dynamic Process and Climate Function Laboratory, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, China

Search for other papers by Feng Nan in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
,
Fei Yu dKey Laboratory of Ocean Circulation and Waves, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
eCenter for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
fMarine Dynamic Process and Climate Function Laboratory, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, China
gUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China

Search for other papers by Fei Yu in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
, and
Qiang Li hGraduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China

Search for other papers by Qiang Li in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
Online Publication:
19 Sep 2023
Print Publication:
01 Sep 2023
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-23-0043.1
Page(s):
2263–2280
Restricted access

Abstract

Using a large-scale observation array of 27 simultaneous pressure-recording inverted echo sounders (PIESs), the standing wave features of the mode-1 M2 internal tide west of the Luzon Strait (LS) were identified. These features exhibited nonmonotonic spatial phase shifts and half-wavelength amplitude modulation, resulting in spatially varying amplitudes under PIES observations, which have not been previously observed in field observations west of the LS. Satellite altimeter measurements also identified standing-wave patterns consistent with the PIES observations. These patterns emanated from interference between the northwestward and southeastward beams from the LS and the slope of the southern Taiwan Strait, respectively. Near the LS, the two beams superimposed into partial standing waves, whereas the superimposed waves tended to become perfect standing waves near the slope of the southern Taiwan Strait. The nodes and antinodes of the wave shifted under the influence of an anticyclonic eddy. The eddy-induced background current modified the phase speed of the internal tides, and the superimposed standing-wave nodes and antinodes deflected clockwise. The node shifted during three anticyclonic eddy events, and two stations on two sides of the wave node showed opposite variations in amplitude.

Significance Statement

The internal tidal constituent (M2) propagating in opposite directions can result in standing waves, which have been frequently observed in global oceans but were absent west of the Luzon Strait (LS). Our observations (based on a large-scale array west of the LS) discovered a standing M2 internal tide, which stems from interference between the northwestward beams emanating from the LS and southeastward beams from the slope of the southern Taiwan Strait. Anticyclonic eddies play important roles in adjusting the amplitude of internal tides by deflecting the standing-wave nodes and antinodes clockwise. The study facilitates the understanding of the energy distribution and mixing processes west of the LS and provides a fresh perspective on the dynamic relationship between mesoscale perturbations and internal tides.

© 2023 American Meteorological Society. This published article is licensed under the terms of the default AMS reuse license. For information regarding reuse of this content and general copyright information, consult the AMS Copyright Policy (www.ametsoc.org/PUBSReuseLicenses).

Corresponding author: Xiao-Hua Zhu, xhzhu@sio.org.cn

Abstract

Using a large-scale observation array of 27 simultaneous pressure-recording inverted echo sounders (PIESs), the standing wave features of the mode-1 M2 internal tide west of the Luzon Strait (LS) were identified. These features exhibited nonmonotonic spatial phase shifts and half-wavelength amplitude modulation, resulting in spatially varying amplitudes under PIES observations, which have not been previously observed in field observations west of the LS. Satellite altimeter measurements also identified standing-wave patterns consistent with the PIES observations. These patterns emanated from interference between the northwestward and southeastward beams from the LS and the slope of the southern Taiwan Strait, respectively. Near the LS, the two beams superimposed into partial standing waves, whereas the superimposed waves tended to become perfect standing waves near the slope of the southern Taiwan Strait. The nodes and antinodes of the wave shifted under the influence of an anticyclonic eddy. The eddy-induced background current modified the phase speed of the internal tides, and the superimposed standing-wave nodes and antinodes deflected clockwise. The node shifted during three anticyclonic eddy events, and two stations on two sides of the wave node showed opposite variations in amplitude.

Significance Statement

The internal tidal constituent (M2) propagating in opposite directions can result in standing waves, which have been frequently observed in global oceans but were absent west of the Luzon Strait (LS). Our observations (based on a large-scale array west of the LS) discovered a standing M2 internal tide, which stems from interference between the northwestward beams emanating from the LS and southeastward beams from the slope of the southern Taiwan Strait. Anticyclonic eddies play important roles in adjusting the amplitude of internal tides by deflecting the standing-wave nodes and antinodes clockwise. The study facilitates the understanding of the energy distribution and mixing processes west of the LS and provides a fresh perspective on the dynamic relationship between mesoscale perturbations and internal tides.

© 2023 American Meteorological Society. This published article is licensed under the terms of the default AMS reuse license. For information regarding reuse of this content and general copyright information, consult the AMS Copyright Policy (www.ametsoc.org/PUBSReuseLicenses).

Corresponding author: Xiao-Hua Zhu, xhzhu@sio.org.cn
Save
Cover Journal of Physical Oceanography
Journal of Physical Oceanography

  • Alford, M. H., 2003: Redistribution of energy available for ocean mixing by long-range propagation of internal waves. Nature, 423, 159–162, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature01628.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Alford, M. H., M. C. Gregg, and M. A. Merrifield, 2006: Structure, propagation, and mixing of energetic baroclinic tides in Mamala Bay, Oahu, Hawaii. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 36, 997–1018, https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO2877.1.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Alford, M. H., and Coauthors, 2011: Energy flux and dissipation in Luzon Strait: Two tales of two ridges. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 41, 2211–2222, https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-11-073.1.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Alford, M. H., and Coauthors, 2015: The formation and fate of internal waves in the South China Sea. Nature, 521, 65–69, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature14399.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Bai, X. L., Z. Y. Liu, X. F. Li, and J. Y. Hu, 2014: Generation sites of internal solitary waves in the southern Taiwan Strait revealed by MODIS true-colour image observations. Int. J. Remote Sens., 35, 4086–4098, https://doi.org/10.1080/01431161.2014.916453.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Buijsman, M. C., S. Legg, and J. Klymak, 2012: Double-ridge internal tide interference and its effect on dissipation in Luzon Strait. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 42, 1337–1356, https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-11-0210.1.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Chen, J., X.-H. Zhu, M. Wang, H. Zheng, R. Zhao, H. Nakamura, and T. Yamashiro, 2022: Incoherent signatures of internal tides in the Tokara Strait modulated by the Kuroshio. Prog. Oceanogr., 206, 102863, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2022.102863.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Dunphy, M., and K. G. Lamb, 2014: Focusing and vertical mode scattering of the first mode internal tide by mesoscale eddy interaction. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, 119, 523–536, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JC009293.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Eich, M. L., M. A. Merrifield, and M. H. Alford, 2004: Structure and variability of semidiurnal internal tides in Mamala Bay, Hawaii. J. Geophys. Res., 109, C05010, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JC002049.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Gill, A. E., 1982: Atmosphere-Ocean Dynamics. Academic Press, 662 pp.

  • Gong, Y., M. D. Rayson, N. L. Jones, and G. N. Ivey, 2021: Directional decomposition of internal tides propagating from multiple generation sites. Ocean Modell., 162, 101801, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2021.101801.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Hall, R. A., M. H. Alford, G. S. Carter, M. C. Gregg, R.-C. Lien, D. J. Wain, and Z. Zhao, 2014: Transition from partly standing to progressive internal tides in Monterey Submarine Canyon. Deep-Sea Res. II, 104, 164–173, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2013.05.039.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Hall, R. A., T. Aslam, and V. A. I. Huvenne, 2017: Partly standing internal tides in a dendritic submarine canyon observed by an ocean glider. Deep-Sea Res. I, 126, 73–84, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2017.05.015.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Huang, X. D., Z. Wang, Z. Zhang, Y. Yang, C. Zhou, Q. Yang, W. Zhao, and J. Tian, 2018: Role of mesoscale eddies in modulating the semidiurnal internal tide: Observation results in the northern South China Sea. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 48, 1749–1770, https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-17-0209.1.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Jan, S., R. C. Lien, and C. H. Ting, 2008: Numerical study of baroclinic tides in Luzon Strait. J. Oceanogr., 64, 789–802, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10872-008-0066-5.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Johnston, T. M. S., D. L. Rudnick, and S. M. Kelly, 2015: Standing internal tides in the Tasman Sea observed by gliders. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 45, 2715–2737, https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-15-0038.1.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Kennelly, M. A., K. L. Tracey, and D. R. Watts, 2007: Inverted echo sounder data processing manual. GSO Tech. Rep., 90 pp., https://digitalcommons.uri.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1001&context=physical_oceanography_techrpts.

  • Kerry, C. G., B. S. Powell, and G. S. Carter, 2013: Effects of remote generation sites on model estimates of M2 internal tides in the Philippine Sea. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 43, 187–204, https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-12-081.1.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Li, Q., and D. M. Farmer, 2011: The generation and evolution of nonlinear internal waves in the deep basin of the South China Sea. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 41, 1345–1363, https://doi.org/10.1175/2011JPO4587.1.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Li, Q., D. M. Farmer, T. F. Duda, and S. Ramp, 2009: Acoustical measurement of nonlinear internal waves using the inverted echo sounder. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 26, 2228–2242, https://doi.org/10.1175/2009JTECHO652.1.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Li, Q., B. Wang, X. Chen, X. E. Chen, and J. H. Park, 2016: Variability of nonlinear internal waves in the South China Sea affected by the Kuroshio and mesoscale eddies. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, 121, 2098–2118, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JC011134.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Li, X. F., Z. X. Zhao, and W. G. Pichel, 2008: Internal solitary waves in the northwestern South China Sea inferred from satellite images. Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L13605, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GL034272.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Löb, J., J. Köhler, C. Mertens, M. Walter, Z. Li, J.-S. von Storch, Z. Zhao, and M. Rhein, 2020: Observations of the low-mode internal tide and its interaction with mesoscale flow south of the Azores. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, 125, e2019JC015879, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JC015879.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Martini, K. I., M. H. Alford, J. D. Nash, E. Kunze, and M. A. Merrifield, 2007: Diagnosing a partly standing internal wave in Mamala Bay, Oahu. Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L17604, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL029749.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Mercier, M. J., N. B. Garnier, and T. Dauxois, 2008: Reflection and diffraction of internal waves analyzed with the Hilbert transform. Phys. Fluids, 20, 086601, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2963136.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Nash, J. D., E. Kunze, J. M. Toole, and R. W. Schmitt, 2004: Internal tide reflection and turbulent mixing on the continental slope. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 34, 1117–1134, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(2004)034<1117:ITRATM>2.0.CO;2.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Nash, J. D., E. Kunze, C. M. Lee, and T. B. Sanford, 2006: Structure of the baroclinic tide generated at Kaena Ridge, Hawaii. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 36, 1123–1135, https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO2883.1.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Niwa, Y., and T. Hibiya, 2004: Three-dimensional numerical simulation of M2 internal tides in the East China Sea. J. Geophys. Res., 109, C04027, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JC001923.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Park, J. H., and D. R. Watts, 2006: Internal tides in the southwestern Japan/East Sea. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 36, 22–34, https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO2846.1.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Park, J. H., and D. M. Farmer, 2013: Effects of Kuroshio intrusions on nonlinear internal waves in the South China Sea during winter. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, 118, 7081–7094, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JC008983.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Pawlowicz, R., B. Beardsley, and S. Lentz, 2002: Classical tidal harmonic analysis including error estimates in MATLAB using T-TIDE. Comput. Geosci., 28, 929–937, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0098-3004(02)00013-4.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Quan, Q., and H. Xue, 2019: Influence of abyssal mixing on the multilayer circulation in the South China Sea. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 49, 3045–3060, https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-19-0020.1.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Rainville, L., T. M. S. Johnston, G. S. Carter, M. A. Merrifield, R. Pinkel, P. F. Worcester, and B. D. Dushaw, 2010: Interference pattern and propagation of the M2 internal tide south of the Hawaiian Ridge. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 40, 311–325, https://doi.org/10.1175/2009JPO4256.1.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Ramp, S. R., J. H. Park, Y. J. Yang, F. L. Bahr, and C. Jeon, 2019: Latitudinal structure of solitons in the South China Sea. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 49, 1747–1767, https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-18-0071.1.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Ray, R. D., and G. T. Mitchum, 1996: Surface manifestation of internal tides generated near Hawaii. Geophys. Res. Lett., 23, 2101–2104, https://doi.org/10.1029/96GL02050.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Ray, R. D., and G. T. Mitchum, 1997: Surface manifestation of internal tides in the deep ocean: Observations from altimetry and island gauges. Prog. Oceanogr., 40, 135–162, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0079-6611(97)00025-6.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Rayson, M. D., G. N. Ivey, N. L. Jones, M. J. Meuleners, and G. W. Wake, 2011: Internal tide dynamics in a topographically complex region: Browse Basin, Australian North West Shelf. J. Geophys. Res., 116, C01016, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JC005881.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Rayson, M. D., N. L. Jones, and G. N. Ivey, 2012: Temporal variability of the standing internal tide in the Browse Basin, western Australia. J. Geophys. Res., 117, C06013, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JC007523.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Rayson, M. D., N. L. Jones, G. N. Ivey, and Y. Gong, 2021: A seasonal harmonic model for internal tide amplitude prediction. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, 126, e2021JC017570, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JC017570.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Savage, A. C., A. F. Waterhouse, and S. M. Kelly, 2020: Internal tide nonstationarity and wave–mesoscale interactions in the Tasman Sea. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 50, 2931–2951, https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-19-0283.1.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Smyth, W. D., J. N. Moum, and J. D. Nash, 2011: Narrowband oscillations in the upper equatorial ocean. Part II: Properties of shear instabilities. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 41, 412–428, https://doi.org/10.1175/2010JPO4451.1.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Tian, J. W., Q. X. Yang, and W. Zhao, 2009: Enhanced diapycnal mixing in the South China Sea. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 39, 3191–3203, https://doi.org/10.1175/2009JPO3899.1.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Ubelmann, C., L. Carrere, C. Durand, G. Dibarboure, Y. Faugère, M. Ballarotta, F. Briol, and F. Lyard, 2022: Simultaneous estimation of ocean mesoscale and coherent internal tide sea surface height signatures from the global altimetry record. Ocean Sci., 18, 469–481, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-469-2022.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Wang, S., A. Cao, Q. Li, and X. Chen, 2021: Reflection of K1 internal tides at the continental slope in the northern South China Sea. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, 126, e2021JC017260, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JC017260.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Wang, X. W., S. Q. Peng, Z. Y. Liu, R. X. Huang, Y. K. Qian, and Y. N. Li, 2016: Tidal mixing in the South China Sea: An estimate based on the internal tide energetics. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 46, 107–124, https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-15-0082.1.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Xie, X. H., Q. Liu, Z. X. Zhao, X. D. Shang, S. Q. Cai, D. X. Wang, and D. K. Chen, 2018: Deep sea currents driven by breaking internal tides on the continental slope. Geophys. Res. Lett., 45, 6160–6166, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GL078372.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Xu, Z. H., K. Liu, B. S. Yin, Z. X. Zhao, Y. Wang, and Q. Li, 2016: Long-range propagation and associated variability of internal tides in the South China Sea. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, 121, 8268–8286, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JC012105.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Yang, Q. X., W. Zhao, X. F. Liang, and J. W. Tian, 2016: Three-dimensional distribution of turbulent mixing in the South China Sea. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 46, 769–788, https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-14-0220.1.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Zhao, R., and Coauthors, 2023: Summer anticyclonic eddies carrying Kuroshio waters observed by a large CPIES array west of the Luzon Strait. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 53, 341–359, https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-22-0019.1.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Zhao, R. X., X. H. Zhu, J. H. Park, and Q. Li, 2018: Internal tides in the northwestern South China Sea observed by pressure recording inverted echo sounders. Prog. Oceanogr., 168, 112–122, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2018.09.019.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Zhao, Z., M. H. Alford, R.-C. Lien, M. C. Gregg, and G. S. Carter, 2012: Internal tides and mixing in a submarine canyon with time-varying stratification. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 42, 2121–2142, https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-12-045.1.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Zhao, Z., J. Wang, D. Menemenlis, L.-L. Fu, S. Chen, and B. Qiu, 2019: Decomposition of the multimodal multidirectional M2 internal tide field. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 36, 1157–1173, https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH-D-19-0022.1.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Zhao, Z. X., V. Klemas, Q. Zheng, and X.-H. Yan, 2004: Remote sensing evidence for baroclinic tide origin of internal solitary waves in the northeastern South China Sea. Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L06302, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GL019077.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Zhao, Z. X., 2014: Internal tide radiation from the Luzon Strait. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, 119, 5434–5448, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JC010014.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Zhao, Z. X., 2016: Using CryoSat‐2 altimeter data to evaluate M2 internal tides observed from multisatellite altimetry. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, 121, 5164–5180, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JC011805.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Zhao, Z. X., 2020: Southward internal tides in the northeastern South China Sea. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, 125, e2020JC016554, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JC016554.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Zhao, Z. X., and M. H. Alford, 2009: New altimetric estimates of mode-1 M2 internal tides in the central North Pacific Ocean. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 39, 1669–1684, https://doi.org/10.1175/2009JPO3922.1.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Zhao, Z. X., M. H. Alford, J. B. Girton, L. Rainville, and H. L. Simmons, 2016: Global observations of open-ocean node-1 M2 internal tides. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 46, 1657–1684, https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-15-0105.1.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Zheng, H., and Coauthors, 2022a: Observation of abyssal circulation to the west of the Luzon Strait, South China Sea. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 52, 2091–2109, https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-21-0284.1.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Zheng, H., and Coauthors, 2022b: Observation of bottom-trapped topographic Rossby waves to the west of the Luzon Strait, South China Sea. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 52, 2853–2872, https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-22-0065.1.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
All Time Past Year Past 30 Days
Abstract Views 1522 1522 57
Full Text Views 202 202 25
PDF Downloads 248 248 27