The Long Lives of Subducted Spice and Vorticity Anomalies in the Subtropical Oceans

Cora Hersh Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
MIT-WHOI Joint Program in Oceanography, Applied Ocean Science and Engineering, Cambridge, Massachusetts

Search for other papers by Cora Hersh in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
https://orcid.org/0009-0006-5735-811X
,
Susan Wijffels Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts

Search for other papers by Susan Wijffels in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
,
Geoffrey Gebbie Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts

Search for other papers by Geoffrey Gebbie in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
, and
Gaël Forget Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts

Search for other papers by Gaël Forget in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
Restricted access

We are aware of a technical issue preventing figures and tables from showing in some newly published articles in the full-text HTML view.
While we are resolving the problem, please use the online PDF version of these articles to view figures and tables.

Abstract

Subtropical cells, which exist in nearly all ocean basins, connect subducting subtropical waters to upwelling sites along the equator. This tight link between the subtropics and the tropics, on a scale of 5–15 years, is well established in a time-averaged sense by modeling and observations. Recently, evidence has emerged of spice and potential vorticity anomaly persistence along mean flow pathways on isopycnals. We provide the first global view of subtropical water mass anomaly propagation, using both an observational dataset and the Estimating the Circulation and Climate of the Ocean (ECCO) state estimate version 4 release 4. In this global synthesis that complements the existing body of largely regional studies, we find long-lived interannual water mass anomalies that translate along mean advective pathways in all ventilated subtropical gyres. They are detectable over multiple years and several thousand kilometers. Some anomalies are persistent enough to reach both the western boundary and equatorial current systems before being entirely eroded and thus could form ocean “tunnels” equivalent to the well-studied atmospheric bridge to impact the remote climate variability. The analysis of ocean tunnel propagation of a passive tracer (spice) and an active tracer (potential vorticity) confirms earlier model results that the active tracer decays more quickly than the passive tracer. Similarities and differences between timing and frequency of the two tracers could provide clues to anomaly formation mechanisms in various subduction regions. The success of ECCO in capturing these phenomena is encouragement to further explore their upstream sources and downstream impacts within this framework.

Significance Statement

Surface waters in the subtropical oceans flow below the surface layer and travel for long distances westward and equatorward until they reemerge at the surface. It is known that average water properties can persist for thousands of kilometers along this “ocean tunnel,” but how much the year-to-year variability can survive without being mixed away is less understood. We use observational data and global model output to estimate the frequency and survival of interannual anomalies of water properties along ocean tunnels. We find that such anomalies are common in all subtropical basins, that they have the potential to persist until they reach the tropics, and that the global model captures the variability seen in observations.

© 2025 American Meteorological Society. This published article is licensed under the terms of the default AMS reuse license. For information regarding reuse of this content and general copyright information, consult the AMS Copyright Policy (www.ametsoc.org/PUBSReuseLicenses).

Corresponding author: Cora Hersh, cahersh@mit.edu

Abstract

Subtropical cells, which exist in nearly all ocean basins, connect subducting subtropical waters to upwelling sites along the equator. This tight link between the subtropics and the tropics, on a scale of 5–15 years, is well established in a time-averaged sense by modeling and observations. Recently, evidence has emerged of spice and potential vorticity anomaly persistence along mean flow pathways on isopycnals. We provide the first global view of subtropical water mass anomaly propagation, using both an observational dataset and the Estimating the Circulation and Climate of the Ocean (ECCO) state estimate version 4 release 4. In this global synthesis that complements the existing body of largely regional studies, we find long-lived interannual water mass anomalies that translate along mean advective pathways in all ventilated subtropical gyres. They are detectable over multiple years and several thousand kilometers. Some anomalies are persistent enough to reach both the western boundary and equatorial current systems before being entirely eroded and thus could form ocean “tunnels” equivalent to the well-studied atmospheric bridge to impact the remote climate variability. The analysis of ocean tunnel propagation of a passive tracer (spice) and an active tracer (potential vorticity) confirms earlier model results that the active tracer decays more quickly than the passive tracer. Similarities and differences between timing and frequency of the two tracers could provide clues to anomaly formation mechanisms in various subduction regions. The success of ECCO in capturing these phenomena is encouragement to further explore their upstream sources and downstream impacts within this framework.

Significance Statement

Surface waters in the subtropical oceans flow below the surface layer and travel for long distances westward and equatorward until they reemerge at the surface. It is known that average water properties can persist for thousands of kilometers along this “ocean tunnel,” but how much the year-to-year variability can survive without being mixed away is less understood. We use observational data and global model output to estimate the frequency and survival of interannual anomalies of water properties along ocean tunnels. We find that such anomalies are common in all subtropical basins, that they have the potential to persist until they reach the tropics, and that the global model captures the variability seen in observations.

© 2025 American Meteorological Society. This published article is licensed under the terms of the default AMS reuse license. For information regarding reuse of this content and general copyright information, consult the AMS Copyright Policy (www.ametsoc.org/PUBSReuseLicenses).

Corresponding author: Cora Hersh, cahersh@mit.edu
Save
  • Argo Data Management Team, 2022: Argo float data and metadata from Global Data Assembly Centre (Argo GDAC). SEANOE, accessed 1 September 2022, https://doi.org/10.17882/42182#95998.

  • Cai, W., and Coauthors, 2023: Anthropogenic impacts on twentieth-century ENSO variability changes. Nat. Rev. Earth Environ., 4, 407418, https://doi.org/10.1038/s43017-023-00427-8.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Chelton, D. B., R. A. deSzoeke, M. G. Schlax, K. El Naggar, and N. Siwertz, 1998: Geographical variability of the first baroclinic Rossby radius of deformation. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 28, 433460, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1998)028<0433:GVOTFB>2.0.CO;2.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Danabasoglu, G., and Coauthors, 2014: North Atlantic simulations in Coordinated Ocean-ice Reference Experiments phase II (CORE-II). Part I: Mean states. Ocean Modell., 73, 76107, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2013.10.005.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Dunn, J. R., and K. R. Ridgway, 2002: Mapping ocean properties in regions of complex topography. Deep-Sea Res. I, 49, 591604, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0637(01)00069-3.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • ECCO Consortium, I. Fukumori, O. Wang, I. Fenty, G. Forget, P. Heimbach, and R. M. Ponte, 2021: Synopsis of the ECCO Central Production Global Ocean and Sea-Ice State Estimate, Version 4 Release 4. Zenodo, accessed 24 January 2025, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4533349.

  • Evans, D. G., J. Toole, G. Forget, J. D. Zika, A. C. N. Garabato, A. J. G. Nurser, and L. Yu, 2017: Recent wind-driven variability in Atlantic water mass distribution and meridional overturning circulation. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 47, 633647, https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-16-0089.1.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Flament, P., 2002: A state variable for characterizing water masses and their diffusive stability: Spiciness. Prog. Oceanogr., 54, 493501, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0079-6611(02)00065-4.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Forget, G., 2010: Mapping ocean observations in a dynamical framework: A 2004–06 ocean atlas. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 40, 12011221, https://doi.org/10.1175/2009JPO4043.1.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Forget, G., and R. M. Ponte, 2015: The partition of regional sea level variability. Prog. Oceanogr., 137, 173195, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2015.06.002.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Forget, G., J.-M. Campin, P. Heimbach, C. N. Hill, R. M. Ponte, and C. Wunsch, 2015a: ECCO version 4: An integrated framework for non-linear inverse modeling and global ocean state estimation. Geosci. Model Dev., 8, 30713310, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-3071-2015.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Forget, G., D. Ferreira, and X. Liang, 2015b: On the observability of turbulent transport rates by Argo: Supporting evidence from an inversion experiment. Ocean Sci., 11, 839853, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-11-839-2015.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Griffies, S. M., R. C. Pacanowski, and R. W. Hallberg, 2000: Spurious diapycnal mixing associated with advection in a z-coordinate ocean model. Mon. Wea. Rev., 128, 538564, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(2000)128<0538:SDMAWA>2.0.CO;2.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Gu, D., and S. G. H. Philander, 1997: Interdecadal climate fluctuations that depend on exchanges between the tropics and extratropics. Science, 275, 805807, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.275.5301.805.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Harper, S., 2000: Thermocline ventilation and pathways of tropical–subtropical water mass exchange. Tellus, 52A, 330345, https://doi.org/10.3402/tellusa.v52i3.12269.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • ICES, SCOR, and IAPSO, 1981: Tenth Report of the Join Panel on Oceanographic Tables and Standards (The Practical Salinity Scale 1978 and the International Equation of State of Seawater 1980). UNESCO Tech. Papers in Marine Science 36, 28 pp.

  • Jackett, D. R., and T. J. McDougall, 1985: An oceanographic variable for the characterization of intrusions and water masses. Deep-Sea Res., 32A, 11951207, https://doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(85)90003-2.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Jackett, D. R., and T. J. Mcdougall, 1995: Minimal adjustment of hydrographic profiles to achieve static stability. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 12, 381389, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0426(1995)012<0381:MAOHPT>2.0.CO;2.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Jackett, D. R., and T. J. McDougall, 1997: A neutral density variable for the world’s oceans. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 27, 237263, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1997)027<0237:ANDVFT>2.0.CO;2.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Johnson, G. C., and M. J. McPhaden, 1999: Interior pycnocline flow from the subtropical to the equatorial Pacific Ocean. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 29, 30733089, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1999)029<3073:IPFFTS>2.0.CO;2.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Kilpatrick, T., N. Schneider, and E. Di Lorenzo, 2011: Generation of low-frequency spiciness variability in the thermocline. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 41, 365377, https://doi.org/10.1175/2010JPO4443.1.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Kolodziejczyk, N., and F. Gaillard, 2012: Observation of spiciness interannual variability in the Pacific pycnocline. J. Geophys. Res., 117, C12018, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012JC008365.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Kolodziejczyk, N., and F. Gaillard, 2013: Variability of the heat and salt budget in the subtropical southeastern Pacific mixed layer between 2004 and 2010: Spice injection mechanism. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 43, 18801898, https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-13-04.1.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Kolodziejczyk, N., G. Reverdin, F. Gaillard, and A. Lazar, 2014: Low-frequency thermohaline variability in the Subtropical South Atlantic pycnocline during 2002–2013. Geophys. Res. Lett., 41, 64686475, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GL061160.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Kolodziejczyk, N., G. Reverdin, and A. Lazar, 2015: Interannual variability of the mixed layer winter convection and spice injection in the eastern subtropical North Atlantic. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 45, 504525, https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-14-0042.1.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Kolodziejczyk, N., W. Llovel, and E. Portela, 2019: Interannual variability of upper ocean water masses as inferred from Argo array. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, 124, 60676085, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JC014866.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Lau, N.-C., and M. J. Nath, 1996: The role of the “atmospheric bridge” in linking tropical Pacific ENSO events to extratropical SST anomalies. J. Climate, 9, 20362057, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1996)009<2036:TROTBI>2.0.CO;2.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Laurian, A., A. Lazar, G. Reverdin, K. Rodgers, and P. Terray, 2006: Poleward propagation of spiciness anomalies in the North Atlantic Ocean. Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L13603, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL026155.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Lazar, A., R. Murtugudde, and A. J. Busalacchi, 2001: A model study of temperature anomaly propagation from the subtropics to tropics within the South Atlantic thermocline. Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 12711274, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000GL011418.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Liu, Z., and S.-I. Shin, 1999: On thermocline ventilation of active and passive tracers. Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 357360, https://doi.org/10.1029/1998GL900315.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Liu, Z., and M. Alexander, 2007: Atmospheric bridge, oceanic tunnel, and global climatic teleconnections. Rev. Geophys., 45, RG2005, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005RG000172.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Liu, Z., S. G. H. Philander, and R. C. Pacanowski, 1994: A GCM study of tropical–subtropical upper-ocean water exchange. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 24, 26062623, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1994)024<2606:AGSOTU>2.0.CO;2.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Luo, Y., L. M. Rothstein, R.-H. Zhang, and A. J. Busalacchi, 2005: On the connection between South Pacific subtropical spiciness anomalies and decadal equatorial variability in an ocean general circulation model. J. Geophys. Res., 110, C10002, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JC002655.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Luyten, J. R., J. Pedlosky, and H. Stommel, 1983: The ventilated thermocline. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 13, 292309, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1983)013<0292:TVT>2.0.CO;2.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Marshall, J., A. Adcroft, C. Hill, L. Perelman, and C. Heisey, 1997: A finite-volume, incompressible Navier Stokes model for studies of the ocean on parallel computers. J. Geophys. Res., 102, 57535766, https://doi.org/10.1029/96JC02775.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • McDougall, T. J., and O. A. Krzysik, 2015: Spiciness. J. Mar. Res., 73, 141152.

  • Megann, A., 2018: Estimating the numerical diapycnal mixing in an eddy-permitting ocean Model. Ocean Modell., 121, 1933, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2017.11.001.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Melet, A., L. Gourdeau, J. Verron, and B. Djath, 2013: Solomon Sea circulation and water mass modifications: Response at ENSO timescales. Ocean Dyn., 63 (1), 119, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10236-012-0582-0.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Monkman, T., and M. F. Jansen, 2024: The global overturning circulation and the role of non-equilibrium effects in ECCOv4r4. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, 129, e2023JC019690, https://doi.org/10.1029/2023JC019690.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Moum, J. N., 1996: Efficiency of mixing in the main thermocline. J. Geophys. Res., 101, 12 05712 069, https://doi.org/10.1029/96JC00508.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Munk, W., 1981: Internal waves and small-scale processes. Evolution of Physical Oceanography, B. A. Warren and C. Wunsch, Eds., MIT Press, 264–291.

  • Nie, X., S. Gao, F. Wang, and T. Qu, 2016: Subduction of North Pacific Tropical Water and its equatorward pathways as shown by a simulated passive tracer. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, 121, 87708786, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JC012305.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Nonaka, M., and H. Sasaki, 2007: Formation mechanism for isopycnal temperature–salinity anomalies propagating from the eastern South Pacific to the equatorial region. J. Climate, 20, 13051315, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI4065.1.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Ogata, T., and M. Nonaka, 2020: Mechanisms of long-term variability and recent trend of salinity along 137°E. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, 125, e2019JC015290, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JC015290.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Pedlosky, J., 1983: Eastern boundary ventilation and the structure of the thermocline. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 13, 20382044, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1983)013<2038:EBVATS>2.0.CO;2.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Pedlosky, J., 1987: Geophysical Fluid Dynamics. 2nd ed. Springer-Verlag, 710 pp.

  • Price, J., 2001: Subduction. Ocean Circulation and Climate, G. Siedler, J. Church, and J. Gould, Eds., Academic Press, 357–371.

  • Qu, T., and S. Gao, 2017: Resurfacing of South Pacific Tropical Water in the equatorial Pacific and its variability associated with ENSO. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 47, 10951106, https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-16-0078.1.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Qu, T., S. Gao, and R. A. Fine, 2013: Subduction of South Pacific Tropical Water and its equatorward pathways as shown by a simulated passive tracer. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 43, 15511565, https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-12-0180.1.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Qu, T., L. Zhang, and N. Scheider, 2016: North Atlantic subtropical underwater and its year-to-year variability in annual subduction rate during the Argo period. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 46, 19011916, https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-15-0246.1.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Roemmich, D., and J. Gilson, 2009: The 2004–2008 mean and annual cycle of temperature, salinity, and steric height in the global ocean from the Argo Program. Prog. Oceanogr., 82, 81100, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2009.03.004.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Roemmich, D., and Coauthors, 2019: On the future of Argo: A global, full-depth, multi-disciplinary array. Front. Mar. Sci., 6, 439, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00439.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • San, S.-C., and Y.-h. Tseng, 2023: Aleutian low/PDO forces a decadal subsurface spiciness propagating mode in the North Pacific. Climate Dyn., 62, 703721, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-023-06938-w.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Sasaki, Y. N., N. Schneider, N. Maximenko, and K. Lebedev, 2010: Observational evidence for propagation of decadal spiciness anomalies in the North Pacific. Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L07708, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010GL042716.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Schneider, N., 2000: A decadal spiciness mode in the tropics. Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 257260, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999GL002348.

  • Tailleux, R., 2016: Generalized patched potential density and thermodynamic neutral density: Two new physically based quasi-neutral density variables for ocean water masses analyses and circulation studies. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 46, 3571–3584, https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-16-0072.1.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Tailleux, R., 2021: Spiciness theory revisited, with new views on neutral density, orthogonality, and passiveness. Ocean Sci., 17, 203219, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-203-2021.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Trossman, D. S., C. B. Whalen, T. W. N. Haine, A. F. Waterhouse, A. T. Nguyen, A. Bigdeli, M. Mazloff, and P. Heimbach, 2022: Tracer and observationally derived constraints on diapycnal diffusivities in an ocean state estimate. Ocean Sci., 18, 729759, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-729-2022.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Veronis, G., 1972: On properties of seawater defined by temperature, salinity, and pressure. J. Mar. Res., 30, 227255.

  • Veronis, G., 1975: The role of models in tracer studies. Numerical Models of the Ocean Circulation, National Academy of Sciences, 133–146.

  • Wang, C., C. Deser, J.-Y. Yu, P. DiNezio, and A. Clement, 2016: El Nino and Southern Oscillation (ENSO): A review. Coral Reefs of the Eastern Pacific, P. Glymn, D. Manzello, and I. Enochs, Eds., Coral Reefs of the World, Vol. 8, Springer Science Publisher, 85–106, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-7499-4_4.

  • Wang, T., T. Suga, and S. Kouketsu, 2022: Spiciness anomalies in the upper North Pacific based on Argo observations. Front. Mar. Sci., 9, 1006042, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.1006042.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Wijffels, S. E., G. Gebbie, and P. E. Robbins, 2024: Resolving the ubiquitous small-scale semipermanent features of the general ocean circulation: A multiplatform observational approach. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 54, 25032521, https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-23-0225.1.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Willis, J. K., and L.-L. Fu, 2008: Combining altimeter and subsurface float data to estimate the time-averaged circulation in the upper ocean. J. Geophys. Res., 113, C12017, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JC004690.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Wong, A. P. S., and Coauthors, 2020: Argo data 1999–2019: Two million temperature-salinity profiles and subsurface velocity observations from a global array of profiling floats. Front. Mar. Sci., 7, 700, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2020.00700.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Wunsch, C., 2006: Discrete Inverse and State Estimation Problems: With Geophysical Fluid Applications. Cambridge University Press, 384 pp.

  • Yeager, S. G., and W. G. Large, 2004: Late-winter generation of spiciness on subducted isopycnals. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 34, 15281547, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(2004)034<1528:LGOSOS>2.0.CO;2.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Yeager, S. G., and W. G. Large, 2007: Observational evidence of winter spice injection. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 37, 28952919, https://doi.org/10.1175/2007JPO3629.1.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Zeller, M., S. McGregor, and P. Spence, 2019: Hemispheric asymmetry of the Pacific shallow meridional overturning circulation. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, 124, 57655786, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JC014840.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Zeller, M., S. McGregor, E. van Sebille, A. Capotondi, and P. Spence, 2020: Subtropical-tropical pathways of spiciness anomalies and their impact on equatorial Pacific temperature. Climate Dyn., 56, 11311144, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-020-05524-8.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Zhang, L., and T. Qu, 2014: Low-frequency variability of South Pacific Tropical Water from Argo. Geophys. Res. Lett., 41, 24412446, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GL059490.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
All Time Past Year Past 30 Days
Abstract Views 792 792 792
Full Text Views 93 93 93
PDF Downloads 115 115 115