Editorial Type:
Article
Article Type:
Research Article

The Role of Indigenous and Traditional Knowledge in Ecosystem-Based Adaptation: A Review of the Literature and Case Studies from the Pacific Islands

Johanna Nalau Griffith Climate Change Response Program, and Griffith Institute for Tourism, Griffith Business School, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia

Search for other papers by Johanna Nalau in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
,
Susanne Becken Griffith Institute for Tourism, Griffith Business School, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia

Search for other papers by Susanne Becken in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
,
Johanna Schliephack Department of Tourism, Sport and Hotel Management, Griffith Business School, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia

Search for other papers by Johanna Schliephack in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
,
Meg Parsons School of Environment, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand

Search for other papers by Meg Parsons in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
,
Cilla Brown School of Environment, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand

Search for other papers by Cilla Brown in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
, and
Brendan Mackey Griffith Climate Change Response Program, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia

Search for other papers by Brendan Mackey in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
Print Publication:
01 Oct 2018
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1175/WCAS-D-18-0032.1
Page(s):
851–865
Restricted access

Abstract

Ecosystem-based Adaptation (EbA) is increasingly being advocated as a climate adaptation approach that can deliver multiple benefits to communities. EbA scholarship argues that community-based projects can strengthen those ecosystems that deliver critical services to communities and in doing so enhance community resilience. In particular, the inclusion of indigenous and traditional knowledge (ITK) into community-based EbA projects is positioned as critical to successful climate adaptation. Yet, there is surprisingly little investigation into how ITK is being defined and incorporated into EbA initiatives. This paper critically reviews EbA literature and provides empirical examples from Vanuatu and Samoa to demonstrate the different ways ITK relates to EbA projects. We find that there is widespread recognition that ITK is important for indigenous and local communities and can be employed successfully in EbA. However, this recognition is more aspirational than practical and is not being necessarily translated into ITK-informed or ITK-driven EbA projects. ITK should not be conceptualized simply as a collection of local environmental information that is integrated with Western scientific knowledge. Instead, ITK is part of nested knowledge systems (information–practices–worldviews) of indigenous peoples. This knowledge includes local natural resource management, sociocultural governance structures, social norms, spiritual beliefs, and historical and contemporary experiences of colonial dispossession and marginalization. At present, most EbA projects focus on the provision of information to main decision-makers only; however, since ITK is held collectively, it is essential that entire communities are included in ITK EbA projects. There is a huge potential for researchers and ITK holders to coproduce knowledge that would be best placed to drive climate adaptation in a changing world.

Supplemental information related to this paper is available at the Journals Online website: https://doi.org/10.1175/WCAS-D-18-0032.s1.

© 2018 American Meteorological Society. For information regarding reuse of this content and general copyright information, consult the AMS Copyright Policy (www.ametsoc.org/PUBSReuseLicenses).

Corresponding author: Johanna Nalau, j.nalau@griffith.edu.au

Abstract

Ecosystem-based Adaptation (EbA) is increasingly being advocated as a climate adaptation approach that can deliver multiple benefits to communities. EbA scholarship argues that community-based projects can strengthen those ecosystems that deliver critical services to communities and in doing so enhance community resilience. In particular, the inclusion of indigenous and traditional knowledge (ITK) into community-based EbA projects is positioned as critical to successful climate adaptation. Yet, there is surprisingly little investigation into how ITK is being defined and incorporated into EbA initiatives. This paper critically reviews EbA literature and provides empirical examples from Vanuatu and Samoa to demonstrate the different ways ITK relates to EbA projects. We find that there is widespread recognition that ITK is important for indigenous and local communities and can be employed successfully in EbA. However, this recognition is more aspirational than practical and is not being necessarily translated into ITK-informed or ITK-driven EbA projects. ITK should not be conceptualized simply as a collection of local environmental information that is integrated with Western scientific knowledge. Instead, ITK is part of nested knowledge systems (information–practices–worldviews) of indigenous peoples. This knowledge includes local natural resource management, sociocultural governance structures, social norms, spiritual beliefs, and historical and contemporary experiences of colonial dispossession and marginalization. At present, most EbA projects focus on the provision of information to main decision-makers only; however, since ITK is held collectively, it is essential that entire communities are included in ITK EbA projects. There is a huge potential for researchers and ITK holders to coproduce knowledge that would be best placed to drive climate adaptation in a changing world.

Supplemental information related to this paper is available at the Journals Online website: https://doi.org/10.1175/WCAS-D-18-0032.s1.

© 2018 American Meteorological Society. For information regarding reuse of this content and general copyright information, consult the AMS Copyright Policy (www.ametsoc.org/PUBSReuseLicenses).

Corresponding author: Johanna Nalau, j.nalau@griffith.edu.au

Supplementary Materials

    • Supplemental Materials (PDF 57.29 KB)
Save
Cover Weather, Climate, and Society
Weather, Climate, and Society

  • Adger, W. N., and Coauthors, 2014: Human security. Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects, C. B. Field et al., Eds., Cambridge University Press, 755–791, https://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar5/wg2/WGIIAR5-Chap12_FINAL.pdf.

  • Ahammad, R., P. Nandy, and P. Husnain, 2013: Unlocking ecosystem based adaptation opportunities in coastal Bangladesh. J. Coastal Conserv., 17, 833–840, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11852-013-0284-x.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Andrade, A., and Coauthors, 2011: Draft principles and guidelines for integrating ecosystem-based approaches to adaptation in project and policy design: A discussion document. IUCN-CEM, CATIE Rep., 4 pp., https://portals.iucn.org/library/efiles/documents/2011-064.pdf.

  • Aswani, S., I. Vaccaro, K. Abernethy, S. Albert, and J. F.-L. de Pablo, 2015: Can perceptions of environmental and climate change in island communities assist in adaptation planning locally? Environ. Manage., 56, 1487–1501, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-015-0572-3.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Bazeley, P., 2007: Qualitative Data Analysis with NVivo. SAGE, 217 pp.

  • Becken, S., A. Lama, and S. Espiner, 2013: The cultural context of climate change impacts: Perceptions among community members in the Annapurna Conservation Area, Nepal. Environ. Dev., 8, 22–37, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envdev.2013.05.007.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Bennett, N. J., J. Blythe, S. Tyler, and N. C. Ban, 2016: Communities and change in the anthropocene: Understanding social-ecological vulnerability and planning adaptations to multiple interacting exposures. Reg. Environ. Change, 16, 907–926, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-015-0839-5.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Bertram, M., E. Barrow, K. Blackwood, A. R. Rizvi, H. Reid, and S. von Scheliha-Dawid, 2017: Making ecosystem-based adaptation effective: A framework for defining qualification criteria and quality standards. FEBA Tech. Rep. for UNFCCC SBSTA 46, 14 pp., http://pubs.iied.org/pdfs/G04167.pdf.

  • Boer, B., and P. Clarke, 2012: Legal frameworks for ecosystem-based adaptation to climate change in the Pacific Islands. SPREP Rep., 57 pp., https://www.sprep.org/attachments/Publications/Legal_frameworks_EBA_PICs.pdf.

  • Bourne, A., S. Holness, P. Holden, S. Scorgie, C. I. Donatti, and G. Midgley, 2016: A socio-ecological approach for identifying and contextualising spatial ecosystem-based adaptation priorities at the sub-national level. PLOS ONE, 11, e0155235, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0155235.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Bremer, S., M. Stiller-Reeve, A. Blanchard, N. Mamnun, Z. Naznin, and M. Kaiser, 2018: Co-producing “post-normal” climate knowledge with communities in northeast Bangladesh. Wea. Climate Soc., 10, 259–268, https://doi.org/10.1175/WCAS-D-17-0033.1.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Brink, E., and Coauthors, 2016: Cascades of green: A review of ecosystem-based adaptation in urban areas. Global Environ. Change, 36, 111–123, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2015.11.003.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Brosi, B. J., and Coauthors, 2007: Cultural erosion and biodiversity: Canoe‐making knowledge in Pohnpei, Micronesia. Conserv. Biol., 21, 875–879, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2007.00654.x.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Cameron, E. S., 2012: Securing indigenous politics: A critique of the vulnerability and adaptation approach to the human dimensions of climate change in the Canadian Arctic. Global Environ. Change, 22, 103–114, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2011.11.004.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Cartwright, A., J. Blignaut, M. de Wit, K. Goldberg, M. Mander, S. O’Donoghue, and D. Roberts, 2013: Economics of climate change adaptation at the local scale under conditions of uncertainty and resource constraints: The case of Durban, South Africa. Environ. Urban., 25, 139–156, https://doi.org/10.1177/0956247813477814.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • CBD, 2009: Connecting biodiversity and climate change mitigation and adaptation. CBD Tech. Series 41, 127 pp., https://www.cbd.int/doc/publications/cbd-ts-41-en.pdf.

  • Chand, S. S., L. E. Chambers, M. Waiwai, P. Malsale, and E. Thompson, 2014: Indigenous knowledge for environmental prediction in the Pacific Island countries. Wea. Climate Soc., 6, 445–450, https://doi.org/10.1175/WCAS-D-13-00053.1.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Chanza, N., and A. de Wit, 2016: Enhancing climate governance through indigenous knowledge: Case in sustainability science. S. Afr. J. Sci., 112, 2014–0286, https://doi.org/10.17159/sajs.2016/20140286.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Chong, J., 2014: Ecosystem-based approaches to climate change adaptation: Progress and challenges. Int. Environ. Agreement Polit. Law Econ., 14, 391–405, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10784-014-9242-9.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Cilliers, S., J. Cilliers, R. Lubbe, and S. Siebert, 2013: Ecosystem services of urban green spaces in African countries—Perspectives and challenges. Urban Ecosyst., 16, 681–702, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11252-012-0254-3.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Curtin, R., and R. Prellezo, 2010: Understanding marine ecosystem based management: A literature review. Mar. Policy, 34, 821–830, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2010.01.003.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Demuzere, M., and Coauthors, 2014: Mitigating and adapting to climate change: Multi-functional and multi-scale assessment of green urban infrastructure. J. Environ. Manage., 146, 107–115, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.07.025.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Dhar, T. K., and L. Khirfan, 2016: Community-based adaptation through ecological design: Lessons from Negril, Jamaica. J. Urban Des., 21, 234–255, https://doi.org/10.1080/13574809.2015.1133224.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Diver, S., 2017: Negotiating indigenous knowledge at the science-policy interface: Insights from the Xáxli’p Community Forest. Environ. Sci. Policy, 73, 1–11, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2017.03.001.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Doswald, N., and M. Osti, 2011: Ecosystem-based approaches to adaptation and mitigation: Good practice examples and lessons learned in Europe. BfN Federal Agency for Nature Conservation Rep., 48 pp., https://www.bfn.de/fileadmin/MDB/documents/service/Skript_306.pdf.

  • Doswald, N., and Coauthors, 2014: Effectiveness of ecosystem-based approaches for adaptation: Review of the evidence-base. Climate Dev., 6, 185–201, https://doi.org/10.1080/17565529.2013.867247.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Fakhruddin, S. H. M., M. S. Babel, and A. Kawasaki, 2015: Assessing the vulnerability of infrastructure to climate change on the Islands of Samoa. Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 15, 1343–1356, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-15-1343-2015.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Fatorić, S., and R. Morén-Alegret, 2013: Integrating local knowledge and perception for assessing vulnerability to climate change in economically dynamic coastal areas: The case of natural protected area Aiguamolls de l’Empordà, Spain. Ocean Coastal Manage., 85, 90–102, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2013.09.010.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Faulkner, L., J. Ayers, and S. Huq, 2015: Meaningful measurement for community-based adaptation. New Dir. Eval., 147, 89–104, https://doi.org/10.1002/ev.20133.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Ford, J. D., 2007: Supporting adaptation: A priority for action on climate change for Canadian Inuit. Sustain. Dev. Law Policy, 8, 25–29.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Ford, J. D., B. Smit, and J. Wandel, 2006: Vulnerability to climate change in the Arctic: A case study from Arctic Bay, Canada. Global Environ. Change, 16, 145–160, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2005.11.007.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Forsyth, T., 2013: Community-based adaptation: A review of past and future challenges. Wiley Interdiscip. Rev.: Climate Change, 4, 439–446, https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.231.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Forsyth, T., 2014: How is community-based adaptation ‘scaled up’ in environmental risk assessment? Community-Based Adaptation to Climate Change: Scaling it Up, E. L. F. Schipper et al., Eds., Taylor and Francis, 88–102, https://doi.org/10.9774/GLEAF.9780203105061_7.

    • Crossref
    • Export Citation

  • Gaskell, G., 2000: Individual and group interviewing. Qualitative Researching with Text, Image and Sound: A Practical Handbook, M. Bauer and G. Gaskell, Eds., SAGE, 38–56.

  • Geneletti, D., and L. Zardo, 2016: Ecosystem-based adaptation in cities: An analysis of European urban climate adaptation plans. Land Use Policy, 50, 38–47, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2015.09.003.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Girot, P., and Coauthors, 2012: Integrating community and ecosystem-based approaches in climate change adaptation responses. International Institute for Environment and Development Rep., 19 pp., http://cmsdata.iucn.org/downloads/a_eba_integratedapproach_15_04_12_0.pdf.

  • Girvetz, E. H., E. Gray, T. H. Tear, and M. A. Brown, 2014: Bridging climate science to adaptation action in data sparse Tanzania. Environ. Conserv., 41, 229–238, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0376892914000010.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Gómez-Baggethun, E., E. Corbera, and V. Reyes-García, 2013: Traditional ecological knowledge and global environmental change: Research findings and policy implications. Ecol. Soc., 18, 72, https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-06288-180472.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Grantham, H. S., and Coauthors, 2011: Ecosystem-based adaptation in marine ecosystems of tropical Oceania in response to climate change. Pac. Conserv. Biol., 17, 241–258, https://doi.org/10.1071/PC110241.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Green, D., and Coauthors, 2009: Risks from climate change to indigenous communities in the tropical north of Australia. Department of Climate Change, Commonwealth of Australia Rep., 194 pp.

  • Green, D., L. Alexander, K. McInnes, J. Church, N. Nicholls, and N. White, 2010: An assessment of climate change impacts and adaptation for the Torres Strait Islands, Australia. Climatic Change, 102, 405–433, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-009-9756-2.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Hay, J. E., D. L. Forbes, and N. Mimura, 2013: Understanding and managing global change in small islands. Sustain. Sci., 8, 303–308, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-013-0220-x.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Huntington, H., T. Callaghan, S. Fox, and I. Krupnik, 2004: Matching traditional and scientific observations to detect environmental change: A discussion on Arctic terrestrial ecosystems. Ambio, 13, 18–23.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Huq, N., 2016: Institutional adaptive capacities to promote Ecosystem-based Adaptation (EbA) to flooding in England. Int. J. Climate Change Strategies Manage., 8, 212–235, https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCCSM-02-2015-0013.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Jupiter, S. D., and Coauthors, 2014: Principles for integrated island management in the tropical Pacific. Pac. Conserv. Biol., 20, 193–205, https://doi.org/10.1071/PC140193.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Keenan, J., D. King, and D. Willis, 2013: Establishing and evaluating climate change heuristics of multi-actor professional leadership in the New York Metropolitan Region. The Center for Urban Real Estate and GSAPP Columbia University Rep., 40 pp., https://doi.org/10.7916/D8FT8K0D.

    • Crossref
    • Export Citation

  • Kuhn, T. S., 1996: The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. 3rd ed. University of Chicago Press, 212 pp.

  • Leach, M., R. Mearns, and I. Scoones, 1997: Environmental entitlements: A framework for understanding the institutional dynamics of environmental change. Institute of Development Studies Discussion Paper 359, 39 pp.

  • Lebel, L., 2013: Local knowledge and adaptation to climate change in natural resource-based societies of the Asia-Pacific. Mitigation Adapt. Strategies Global Change, 18, 1057–1076, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11027-012-9407-1.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Leonard, S., M. Parsons, K. Olawsky, and F. Kofod, 2013: The role of culture and traditional knowledge in climate change adaptation: Insights from East Kimberley, Australia. Global Environ. Change, 23, 623–632, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2013.02.012.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Lewins, A., and C. Silver, 2007: Using Software in Qualitative Research: A Step-by-Step Guide. SAGE, 304 pp.

    • Crossref
    • Export Citation

  • Lindstrom, L., 1982: Leftamap kastom: The political history of tradition on Tanna, Vanuatu. Mankind, 13, 316–329, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1835-9310.1982.tb00997.x.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Lindstrom, L., 2011: Naming and memory on Tanna, Vanuatu. Changing Contexts–Shifting Meanings: Transformations of Cultural Traditions in Oceania, E. Hermann, Ed., University of Hawaii Press, 141–156.

    • Crossref
    • Export Citation

  • Loos, J. R., 2015: Understanding stakeholder preferences for flood mitigation and adaptation alternatives with implications for ecosystem services. M.S. thesis, Dept. of Environmental Science and Policy, Plymouth State University, 100 pp.

    • Crossref
    • Export Citation

  • Mackey, B., and D. Claudie, 2015: Points of contact: Integrating traditional and scientific knowledge for biocultural conservation. Environ. Ethics, 37, 341–357, https://doi.org/10.5840/enviroethics201537332.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • McCarter, J., and M. C. Gavin, 2014a: Local perceptions of changes in traditional ecological knowledge: A case study from Malekula Island, Vanuatu. Ambio, 43, 288–296, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-013-0431-5.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • McCarter, J., and M. C. Gavin, 2014b: In situ maintenance of traditional ecological knowledge on Malekula Island, Vanuatu. Soc. Nat. Resour., 27, 1115–1129, https://doi.org/10.1080/08941920.2014.905896.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Mercer, J., T. Kurvits, I. Kelman, and S. Mavrogenis, 2014: Ecosystem-based adaptation for food security in the AIMS SIDS: Integrating external and local knowledge. Sustainability, 6, 5566–5597, https://doi.org/10.3390/su6095566.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Milman, A., and K. Jagannathan, 2017: Conceptualization and implementation of ecosystems-based adaptation. Climatic Change, 142, 113–127, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-017-1933-0.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Munang, R., I. Thiaw, K. Alverson, M. Mumba, J. Liu, and M. Rivington, 2013: Climate change and ecosystem-based adaptation: A new pragmatic approach to buffering climate change impacts. Curr. Opin. Environ. Sustain., 5, 67–71, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2012.12.001.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Munroe, R., and Coauthors, 2012: Review of the evidence base for ecosystem-based approaches for adaptation to climate change. Environ. Evidence, 1, 13, https://doi.org/10.1186/2047-2382-1-13.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Nakashima, D. J., K. Galloway McLean, H. D. Thulstrup, A. Ramos Castillo, and J. T. Rubis, 2012: Weathering uncertainty: Traditional knowledge for climate change assessment and adaptation. UNESCO Rep., 120 pp., http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0021/002166/216613e.pdf.

  • Nalau, J., B. L. Preston, and M. C. Maloney, 2015: Is adaptation a local responsibility? Environ. Sci. Policy, 48, 89–98, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2014.12.011.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Nalau, J., S. Becken, S. Noakes, and B. Mackey, 2017: Mapping tourism stakeholders’ weather and climate information-seeking behavior in Fiji. Wea. Climate Soc., 9, 377–391, https://doi.org/10.1175/WCAS-D-16-0078.1.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Ojea, E., 2015: Challenges for mainstreaming Ecosystem-based Adaptation into the international climate agenda. Curr. Opin. Environ. Sustain., 14, 41–48, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2015.03.006.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Oloukoi, G., M. Fasona, F. Olorunfemi, V. Adedayo, and P. Elias, 2014: A gender analysis of perceived climate change trends and ecosystems-based adaptation in the Nigerian wooded savannah. Agenda, 28, 16–33, https://doi.org/10.1080/10130950.2014.949477.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Parsons, M., 2015: Continuity and change: Indigenous Australia and the imperative of adaptation. Applied Studies in Climate Adaptation, J. P. Palutikof et al., Eds., Wiley, 281–288, https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118845028.ch31.

    • Crossref
    • Export Citation

  • Parsons, M., K. Fisher, and J. Nalau, 2016: Alternative approaches to co-design: Insights from indigenous/academic research collaborations. Curr. Opin. Environ. Sustain., 20, 99–105, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2016.07.001.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Parsons, M., J. Nalau, and K. Fisher, 2017a: Alternative perspectives on sustainability: Indigenous knowledge and methodologies. Challenges Sustain., 5, 7–14, https://doi.org/10.12924/cis2017.05010007.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Parsons, M., C. Brown, J. Nalau, and K. Fisher, 2017b: Assessing adaptive capacity and adaptation: Insights from Samoan tourism operators. Climate Dev., 10, 644–663, https://doi.org/10.1080/17565529.2017.1410082.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Pasquini, L., and R. M. Cowling, 2015: Opportunities and challenges for mainstreaming ecosystem-based adaptation in local government: Evidence from the Western Cape, South Africa. Environ. Dev. Sustain., 17, 1121–1140, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-014-9594-x.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Plotz, R. D., L. E. Chambers, and C. K. Finn, 2017: The best of both worlds: A decision-making framework for combining traditional and contemporary forecast systems. J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol., 56, 2377–2392, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAMC-D-17-0012.1.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Pramova, E., B. Locatelli, H. Djoudi, and O. A. Somorin, 2012a: Forests and trees for social adaptation to climate variability and change. Wiley Interdiscip. Rev.: Climate Change, 3, 581–596, https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.195.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Pramova, E., B. Locatelli, M. Brockhaus, and S. Fohlmeister, 2012b: Ecosystem services in the National Adaptation Programmes of Action. Climate Policy, 12, 393–409, https://doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2011.647848.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Preston, B., J. Mustelin, and M. Maloney, 2015: Climate adaptation heuristics and the science/policy divide. Mitigation Adapt. Strategies Global Change, 20, 467–497, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11027-013-9503-x.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Punch, K., 2005: Introduction to Social Research: Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches. 2nd ed. SAGE, 336 pp.

  • Reid, H., 2016: Ecosystem- and community-based adaptation: Learning from community-based natural resource management. Climate Dev., 8, 4–9, https://doi.org/10.1080/17565529.2015.1034233.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Reid, H., and Coauthors, 2017: Ecosystem-based adaptation: Question-based guidance for assessing effectiveness. IIED Rep., 22 pp.

  • Roberts, D., and Coauthors, 2012: Exploring ecosystem-based adaptation in Durban, South Africa: “Learning-by-doing” at the local government coal face. Environ. Urban., 24, 167–195, https://doi.org/10.1177/0956247811431412.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Scarano, F. R., 2017: Ecosystem-based adaptation to climate change: Concept, scalability and a role for conservation science. Perspect. Ecol. Conserv., 15, 65–73, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecon.2017.05.003.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Shakeela, A., and S. Becken, 2015: Understanding tourism leaders’ perceptions of risks from climate change: An assessment of policy-making processes in the Maldives using the social amplification of risk framework (SARF). J. Sustain. Tour., 23, 65–84, https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2014.918135.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Sierra-Correa, P. C., and J. R. Cantera Kintz, 2015: Ecosystem-based adaptation for improving coastal planning for sea-level rise: A systematic review for mangrove coasts. Mar. Policy, 51, 385–393, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2014.09.013.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Smith, H. A., and K. Sharp, 2012: Indigenous climate knowledges. Wiley Interdiscip. Rev.: Climate Change, 3, 467–476, https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.185.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Spalding, M. D., S. Ruffo, C. Lacambra, I. Meliane, L. Z. Hale, C. C. Shepard, and M. W. Beck, 2014: The role of ecosystems in coastal protection: Adapting to climate change and coastal hazards. Ocean Coastal Manage., 90, 50–57, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2013.09.007.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Teddlie, C., and F. Yu, 2007: Mixed methods sampling: A typology with examples. J. Mixed Methods Res., 1, 77, https://doi.org/10.1177/1558689806292430.

    • Crossref
    • Export Citation

  • Tengö, M., P. Malmer, E. Brondizio, T. Elmqvist, and M. Spierenburg, 2013: The Multiple Evidence Base as a framework for connecting diverse knowledge systems in the IPBES. Stockholm Resilience Centre and Stockholm University Discussion Paper 2, 10 pp.

  • Travers, A., C. Elrick, R. Kay, and O. Vestergaard, 2012: Ecosystem-based adaptation guidance: Moving from principles to practice. UNEP Tech. Rep., 105 pp.

  • UNFCCC, 2013: Best practices and available tools for the use of indigenous and traditional knowledge and practices for adaptation, and the application of gender-sensitive approaches and tools for understanding and assessing impacts, vulnerability and adaptation to climate change. UNFCCC Tech. Paper FCCC/TP/2013/11, 62 pp., https://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2013/tp/11.pdf.

  • Uy, N., Y. Takeuchi, and R. Shaw, 2012: An ecosystem-based resilience analysis of Infanta, Philippines. Environ. Hazards, 11, 266–282, https://doi.org/10.1080/17477891.2012.688794.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Vaioleti, T., 2013: Talanoa: Differentiating the Talanoa Research Methodology from phenomenology, narrative, Kaupapa Maori and feminist methodologies. Te Reo, 56/57, 191–212.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Veland, S., R. Howitt, D. Dominey-Howes, F. Thomalla, and D. Houston, 2013: Procedural vulnerability: Understanding environmental change in a remote indigenous community. Global Environ. Change, 23, 314–326, http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959378012001227.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Vignola, R., B. Locatelli, C. Martinez, and P. Imbach, 2009: Ecosystem-based adaptation to climate change: What role for policy-makers, society and scientists? Mitigation Adapt. Strategies Global Change, 14, 691–696, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11027-009-9193-6.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Wamsler, C., C. Luederitz, and E. Brink, 2014: Local levers for change: Mainstreaming ecosystem-based adaptation into municipal planning to foster sustainability transitions. Global Environ. Change, 29, 189–201, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2014.09.008.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Warren, C. A. B., and T. X. Karner, 2010: Discovering Qualitative Methods: Field Research, Interviews, and Analysis. 2nd ed. Oxford University Press, 306 pp.

  • Warrick, O., W. Aalbersberg, P. Dumaru, R. McNaught, and K. Teperman, 2017: The ‘Pacific Adaptive Capacity Analysis Framework’: Guiding the assessment of adaptive capacity in Pacific island communities. Reg. Environ. Change, 17, 1039–1051, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-016-1036-x.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Wells, J., and Coauthors, 2016: Rising floodwaters: Mapping impacts and perceptions of flooding in Indonesian Borneo. Environ. Res. Lett., 11, 064016, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/11/6/064016.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Williams, T., and P. Hardison, 2013: Culture, law, risk and governance: Contexts of traditional knowledge in climate change adaptation. Climatic Change, 120, 531–544, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-013-0850-0.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Wongbusarakum, S., M. Gombos, B.-A. A. Parker, C. A. Courtney, S. Atkinson, and W. Kostka, 2015: The Local Early Action Planning (LEAP) tool: Enhancing community-based planning for a changing climate. Coastal Manage., 43, 383–393, https://doi.org/10.1080/08920753.2015.1046805.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • World Bank, 2009: Convenient Solutions to an Inconvenient Truth: Ecosystem-Based Approaches to Climate Change. World Bank Publications, 128 pp.

All Time Past Year Past 30 Days
Abstract Views 0 0 0
Full Text Views 15860 3006 325
PDF Downloads 10447 1422 137