Abstract
This paper analyzes long-term surface air temperature trends in a 25-yr (1982–2006) dataset of retrospective seasonal climate predictions made by the NCEP Climate Forecast System (CFS), a model that has its atmospheric greenhouse gases fixed at the 1988 concentration level. Although the CFS seasonal forecasts tend to follow the observed interannual variability very closely, there exists a noticeable time-dependent discrepancy between the CFS forecasts and observations, with a warm model bias before 1988 and a cold bias afterward except for a short-lived warm bias during 1992–94. The trend from warm to cold biases is likely caused by not including the observed increase in the anthropogenic greenhouse gases in the CFS, whereas the warm bias in 1992–94 reflects the absence of the anomalous aerosols released by the 1991 Mount Pinatubo eruption. Skill analysis of the CFS seasonal climate predictions with and without the warming trend suggests that the 1997–98 El Niño event contributes significantly to the record-breaking global warmth in 1998 whereas the record-breaking warm decade since 2000 is mainly due to the effects of the increased greenhouse gases. Implications for operational seasonal prediction will be discussed.
Corresponding author address: Huug van den Dool, NOAA/NWS/NCEP/Climate Prediction Center, 5200 Auth Rd., Camp Springs, MD 20746. Email: huug.vandendool@noaa.gov
