Editorial Type:
Article
Article Type:
Research Article

Verification of Quasi-Linear Convective Systems Predicted by the Warn-on-Forecast System (WoFS)

Kelsey C. Britt aCooperative Institute for Severe and High-Impact Weather Research and Operations, Norman, Oklahoma
bNational Severe Storms Laboratory, Norman, Oklahoma
cSchool of Meteorology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma

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Patrick S. Skinner aCooperative Institute for Severe and High-Impact Weather Research and Operations, Norman, Oklahoma
bNational Severe Storms Laboratory, Norman, Oklahoma
cSchool of Meteorology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma

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Pamela L. Heinselman bNational Severe Storms Laboratory, Norman, Oklahoma
cSchool of Meteorology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma

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Corey K. Potvin bNational Severe Storms Laboratory, Norman, Oklahoma
cSchool of Meteorology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma

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Montgomery L. Flora aCooperative Institute for Severe and High-Impact Weather Research and Operations, Norman, Oklahoma
bNational Severe Storms Laboratory, Norman, Oklahoma

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Brian Matilla aCooperative Institute for Severe and High-Impact Weather Research and Operations, Norman, Oklahoma
bNational Severe Storms Laboratory, Norman, Oklahoma

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Kent H. Knopfmeier aCooperative Institute for Severe and High-Impact Weather Research and Operations, Norman, Oklahoma
bNational Severe Storms Laboratory, Norman, Oklahoma

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Anthony E. Reinhart bNational Severe Storms Laboratory, Norman, Oklahoma

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Online Publication:
02 Jan 2024
Print Publication:
01 Jan 2024
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1175/WAF-D-23-0106.1
Page(s):
155–176
Restricted access

Abstract

Quasi-linear convective systems (QLCSs) can produce multiple hazards (e.g., straight-line winds, flash flooding, and mesovortex tornadoes) that pose a significant threat to life and property, and are often difficult to accurately forecast. The NSSL Warn-on-Forecast System (WoFS) is a convection-allowing ensemble system developed to provide short-term, probabilistic forecasting guidance for severe convective events. Examination of WoFS’s capability to predict QLCSs has yet to be systematically assessed across a large number of cases for 0–6-h forecast times. In this study, the quality of WoFS QLCS forecasts for 50 QLCS days occurring between 2017 and 2020 is evaluated using object-based verification techniques. First, a storm mode identification and classification algorithm is tuned to identify high-reflectivity, linear convective structures. The algorithm is used to identify convective line objects in WoFS forecasts and Multi-Radar Multi-Sensor system (MRMS) gridded observations. WoFS QLCS objects are matched with MRMS observed objects to generate bulk verification statistics. Results suggest WoFS’s QLCS forecasts are skillful with the 3- and 6-h forecasts having similar probability of detection and false alarm ratio values near 0.59 and 0.34, respectively. The WoFS objects are larger, more intense, and less eccentric than those in MRMS. A novel centerline analysis is performed to evaluate orientation, length, and tortuosity (i.e., curvature) differences, and spatial displacements between observed and predicted convective lines. While no systematic propagation biases are found, WoFS typically has centerlines that are more tortuous and displaced to the northwest of MRMS centerlines, suggesting WoFS may be overforecasting the intensity of the QLCS’s rear-inflow jet and northern bookend vortex.

Significance Statement

Quasi-linear convective systems (QLCSs), also known as squall lines, can be very destructive to life and property as they produce multiple hazards such as hail, severe straight-line winds, flash flooding, and tornadoes that typically form quickly and may be difficult to observe on radar. These storms can occur year-round and have the propensity to develop overnight or into the early morning hours, potentially catching the public off-guard. An ensemble prediction system called the Warn-on-Forecast System (WoFS), created by the National Severe Storms Laboratory, has shown promise in accurately forecasting a variety of severe weather events. This research evaluates the quality of the WoFS’s QLCS forecasts. Results show WoFS can accurately predict these systems for forecast times out to 6 h.

© 2024 American Meteorological Society. This published article is licensed under the terms of the default AMS reuse license. For information regarding reuse of this content and general copyright information, consult the AMS Copyright Policy (www.ametsoc.org/PUBSReuseLicenses).

Corresponding author: Kelsey C. Britt, kelsbritt@ou.edu

Abstract

Quasi-linear convective systems (QLCSs) can produce multiple hazards (e.g., straight-line winds, flash flooding, and mesovortex tornadoes) that pose a significant threat to life and property, and are often difficult to accurately forecast. The NSSL Warn-on-Forecast System (WoFS) is a convection-allowing ensemble system developed to provide short-term, probabilistic forecasting guidance for severe convective events. Examination of WoFS’s capability to predict QLCSs has yet to be systematically assessed across a large number of cases for 0–6-h forecast times. In this study, the quality of WoFS QLCS forecasts for 50 QLCS days occurring between 2017 and 2020 is evaluated using object-based verification techniques. First, a storm mode identification and classification algorithm is tuned to identify high-reflectivity, linear convective structures. The algorithm is used to identify convective line objects in WoFS forecasts and Multi-Radar Multi-Sensor system (MRMS) gridded observations. WoFS QLCS objects are matched with MRMS observed objects to generate bulk verification statistics. Results suggest WoFS’s QLCS forecasts are skillful with the 3- and 6-h forecasts having similar probability of detection and false alarm ratio values near 0.59 and 0.34, respectively. The WoFS objects are larger, more intense, and less eccentric than those in MRMS. A novel centerline analysis is performed to evaluate orientation, length, and tortuosity (i.e., curvature) differences, and spatial displacements between observed and predicted convective lines. While no systematic propagation biases are found, WoFS typically has centerlines that are more tortuous and displaced to the northwest of MRMS centerlines, suggesting WoFS may be overforecasting the intensity of the QLCS’s rear-inflow jet and northern bookend vortex.

Significance Statement

Quasi-linear convective systems (QLCSs), also known as squall lines, can be very destructive to life and property as they produce multiple hazards such as hail, severe straight-line winds, flash flooding, and tornadoes that typically form quickly and may be difficult to observe on radar. These storms can occur year-round and have the propensity to develop overnight or into the early morning hours, potentially catching the public off-guard. An ensemble prediction system called the Warn-on-Forecast System (WoFS), created by the National Severe Storms Laboratory, has shown promise in accurately forecasting a variety of severe weather events. This research evaluates the quality of the WoFS’s QLCS forecasts. Results show WoFS can accurately predict these systems for forecast times out to 6 h.

© 2024 American Meteorological Society. This published article is licensed under the terms of the default AMS reuse license. For information regarding reuse of this content and general copyright information, consult the AMS Copyright Policy (www.ametsoc.org/PUBSReuseLicenses).

Corresponding author: Kelsey C. Britt, kelsbritt@ou.edu
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  • Wheatley, D. M., K. H. Knopfmeier, T. A. Jones, and G. J. Creager, 2015: Storm-scale data assimilation and ensemble forecasting with the NSSL experimental Warn-on-Forecast System. Part I: Radar data experiments. Wea. Forecasting, 30, 1795–1817, https://doi.org/10.1175/WAF-D-15-0043.1.

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  • Yussouf, N., and K. H. Knopfmeier, 2019: Application of the warn-on-forecast system for flash-flood-producing heavy convective rainfall events. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 145, 2385–2403, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3568.

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  • Yussouf, N., E. R. Mansell, L. J. Wicker, D. M. Wheatley, and D. J. Stensrud, 2013: The ensemble Kalman filter analyses and forecasts of the 8 May 2003 Oklahoma City tornadic supercell storm using single- and double-moment microphysics scheme. Mon. Wea. Rev., 141, 3388–3412, https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-12-00237.1.

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  • Yussouf, N., D. C. Dowell, L. J. Wicker, K. H. Knopfmeier, and D. M. Wheatley, 2015: Storm-scale data assimilation and ensemble forecasts for the 27 April 2011 severe weather outbreak in Alabama. Mon. Wea. Rev., 143, 3044–3066, https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-14-00268.1.

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  • Yussouf, N., J. S. Kain, and A. J. Clark, 2016: Short-term probabilistic forecasts of the 31 May 2013 Oklahoma tornado and flash flood event using a continuous-update-cycle storm-scale ensemble system. Wea. Forecasting, 31, 957–983, https://doi.org/10.1175/WAF-D-15-0160.1.

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  • Yussouf, N., T. A. Jones, and P. S. Skinner, 2020a: Probabilistic high-impact rainfall forecasts from landfalling tropical cyclones using warn-on-forecast system. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 146, 2050–2065, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3779.

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  • Yussouf, N., K. A. Wilson, S. M. Martinaitis, H. Vergara, P. L. Heinselman, and J. J. Gourley, 2020b: The coupling of NSSL Warn-on-Forecast and FLASH systems for probabilistic flash flood prediction. J. Hydrometeor., 21, 123–141, https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM-D-19-0131.1.

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