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The Cloud Physics Section of the Atmospheric Sciences Research Center-State University of New York at Albany conducted a cooperative field study (FOG-82) during the autumn of 1982 as part of an ongoing radiation-fog research program. A computer-controlled data-acquisition system consisting of sophisticated soil, surface, and boundary-layer sensors, as well as contemporary aerosol and droplet probes was developed. These data are being used to address a variety of critical problems related to radiation-fog evolution.
Scientists from 10 universities and research laboratories participated in portions of FOG-82. Research objectives included studies of fog mesoscale meteorology, radiation studies, low-level water budget, vertical fog structure, fog supersaturation, condensation nuclei, and fog-water chemistry, as well as radiation-fog life cycles. A comprehensive description of the FOG-82 program and objectives is presented.
The Cloud Physics Section of the Atmospheric Sciences Research Center-State University of New York at Albany conducted a cooperative field study (FOG-82) during the autumn of 1982 as part of an ongoing radiation-fog research program. A computer-controlled data-acquisition system consisting of sophisticated soil, surface, and boundary-layer sensors, as well as contemporary aerosol and droplet probes was developed. These data are being used to address a variety of critical problems related to radiation-fog evolution.
Scientists from 10 universities and research laboratories participated in portions of FOG-82. Research objectives included studies of fog mesoscale meteorology, radiation studies, low-level water budget, vertical fog structure, fog supersaturation, condensation nuclei, and fog-water chemistry, as well as radiation-fog life cycles. A comprehensive description of the FOG-82 program and objectives is presented.
Abstract
An extensive boundary-layer field program was conducted which included simultaneous measurements of visibility and particle size distributions during fog and haze. Several empirical expressions relating changes in visibility to characteristics of the aerosol (droplet) size spectrum and relative humidity are presented and evaluated. Detailed analysis of one evolving dense fog revealed several points of interest regarding the behavior of drop size spectra, including a scheme for approximating fog supersaturation.
Abstract
An extensive boundary-layer field program was conducted which included simultaneous measurements of visibility and particle size distributions during fog and haze. Several empirical expressions relating changes in visibility to characteristics of the aerosol (droplet) size spectrum and relative humidity are presented and evaluated. Detailed analysis of one evolving dense fog revealed several points of interest regarding the behavior of drop size spectra, including a scheme for approximating fog supersaturation.
Abstract
A numerical model of radiation fog was developed in order to test the sensitivity of variables comprising the model, and evaluate its capability for forecasting the onset of fog from standard radiosonde weather data. Four case studies were considered that included both fog and no-fog occurrences. The variables examined–initial surface temperature and moisture conditions, eddy exchange profiles, radiative flux divergence, and dew formation–were all found to influence critically the model's performance. Prediction of fog occurrence and temperature were reasonably encouraging provided a judicious (though somewhat arbitrary) choice of eddy mixing values was made.
Abstract
A numerical model of radiation fog was developed in order to test the sensitivity of variables comprising the model, and evaluate its capability for forecasting the onset of fog from standard radiosonde weather data. Four case studies were considered that included both fog and no-fog occurrences. The variables examined–initial surface temperature and moisture conditions, eddy exchange profiles, radiative flux divergence, and dew formation–were all found to influence critically the model's performance. Prediction of fog occurrence and temperature were reasonably encouraging provided a judicious (though somewhat arbitrary) choice of eddy mixing values was made.
Abstract
The characteristics of internal gravity waves generated by tropospheric jet streams are analyzed and discussed. By solving numerically the equations of motion in the linear, inviscid and Boussinesq limit, it is shown that a modal structure exists. Some of these modes have the ability to propagate vertically away from the jet and are likely to he responsible for some of the observed wave activities in the ionosphere as well as at the ground. For selected values of the minimum Richardson number of the flow, growth rates and horizontal phase velocities are given as functions of the horizontal wavenumber, for jet streams of varying width. Finally, a brief study of the stability of the so-called low-level jet, whose spectrum of generated waves undoubtedly will contribute to the dynamics of the nocturnal boundary layer, is undertaken.
Abstract
The characteristics of internal gravity waves generated by tropospheric jet streams are analyzed and discussed. By solving numerically the equations of motion in the linear, inviscid and Boussinesq limit, it is shown that a modal structure exists. Some of these modes have the ability to propagate vertically away from the jet and are likely to he responsible for some of the observed wave activities in the ionosphere as well as at the ground. For selected values of the minimum Richardson number of the flow, growth rates and horizontal phase velocities are given as functions of the horizontal wavenumber, for jet streams of varying width. Finally, a brief study of the stability of the so-called low-level jet, whose spectrum of generated waves undoubtedly will contribute to the dynamics of the nocturnal boundary layer, is undertaken.
Abstract
Experimental results of simultaneous measurements of temperature differences in the streamwise, lateral and vertical directions during convective, new-neutral and stable conditions in the atmospheric boundary layer of an urban site are presented and discussed. The lateral and vertical temperature difference variances are found to be almost equal regardless of the conditions but only agree with the streamwise difference variance in convective or rear-neutral conditions. This points out the need for further investigation of the effects of stratification on the scalar fields. When local isotropy is satisfied, the difference spectra are shown to follow the theoretical behavior derived by Van Atta (1977).for temperature gradients in the inertial subrange.
Abstract
Experimental results of simultaneous measurements of temperature differences in the streamwise, lateral and vertical directions during convective, new-neutral and stable conditions in the atmospheric boundary layer of an urban site are presented and discussed. The lateral and vertical temperature difference variances are found to be almost equal regardless of the conditions but only agree with the streamwise difference variance in convective or rear-neutral conditions. This points out the need for further investigation of the effects of stratification on the scalar fields. When local isotropy is satisfied, the difference spectra are shown to follow the theoretical behavior derived by Van Atta (1977).for temperature gradients in the inertial subrange.
Abstract
A laboratory model of a breaking wave or whitecap was constructed, and the aerosol produced by it was investigated intensively. Submicron- and even Aitken-sized particles were produced: the presence of salt particles of mass <10−17 g(r<0.01 μm) could be inferred. The evidence strongly suggests that the submicron fraction is composed of film drops, derived primarily from bubbles larger than 1 mm in diameter. The shape of the CCN spectrum and overall mass distribution of the model-produced aerosol were similar to what is observed in clean marine air.
Whether or not the production rate of such small particles is globally significant when the model results are applied to the oceans depends to a large extent on the set of assumptions one makes concerning aerosol residence time and fraction of sea surface covered by whitecaps. However, there are realistic choices of these parameters which suggest that appreciable fractions of both CCN and CN in the lower marine atmosphere are produced directly by the sea.
Abstract
A laboratory model of a breaking wave or whitecap was constructed, and the aerosol produced by it was investigated intensively. Submicron- and even Aitken-sized particles were produced: the presence of salt particles of mass <10−17 g(r<0.01 μm) could be inferred. The evidence strongly suggests that the submicron fraction is composed of film drops, derived primarily from bubbles larger than 1 mm in diameter. The shape of the CCN spectrum and overall mass distribution of the model-produced aerosol were similar to what is observed in clean marine air.
Whether or not the production rate of such small particles is globally significant when the model results are applied to the oceans depends to a large extent on the set of assumptions one makes concerning aerosol residence time and fraction of sea surface covered by whitecaps. However, there are realistic choices of these parameters which suggest that appreciable fractions of both CCN and CN in the lower marine atmosphere are produced directly by the sea.
