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Time-lapse films of the earth from high-flying ballistic missiles have provided the meteorologist with the first synoptic detailed coverage of cloud patterns over large areas. Analysis of the film obtained on 24 August 1959 shows the cloud patterns over an area corresponding to one-twentieth of the earth's total surface.
Comparison of the rectified cloud positions with, the high- and low-level synoptic charts shows large-scale cloud patterns directly associated with high-level vortices and troughs as well as patterns associated with a quasi-stationary front and the intertropical convergence zone. Details suggesting low-level vortices, frontal waves, and a squall line appear, but they cannot be verified due to sparse surface observations. Other details, such as the effects of large and small islands, coastlines and rivers upon the pattern of vertical motion are indicated by the clouds.
Time-lapse films of the earth from high-flying ballistic missiles have provided the meteorologist with the first synoptic detailed coverage of cloud patterns over large areas. Analysis of the film obtained on 24 August 1959 shows the cloud patterns over an area corresponding to one-twentieth of the earth's total surface.
Comparison of the rectified cloud positions with, the high- and low-level synoptic charts shows large-scale cloud patterns directly associated with high-level vortices and troughs as well as patterns associated with a quasi-stationary front and the intertropical convergence zone. Details suggesting low-level vortices, frontal waves, and a squall line appear, but they cannot be verified due to sparse surface observations. Other details, such as the effects of large and small islands, coastlines and rivers upon the pattern of vertical motion are indicated by the clouds.
Abstract
Oceanwide direct measurement of the surface wind stress is impracticable; instead, the wind stress must be parameterized in terms of individual shipboard wind reports. The number of ship observations, however, are insufficient over the tropical oceans for an adequate analysis of the wind stress. A method is developed to take advantage of the monthly mean wind field which can be determined by meshing several sources of data with the ship observations. It is shown that a single empirical correction factor can be used to estimate the surface pseudostress from monthly mean winds for all months throughout the oceanic tropics.
Abstract
Oceanwide direct measurement of the surface wind stress is impracticable; instead, the wind stress must be parameterized in terms of individual shipboard wind reports. The number of ship observations, however, are insufficient over the tropical oceans for an adequate analysis of the wind stress. A method is developed to take advantage of the monthly mean wind field which can be determined by meshing several sources of data with the ship observations. It is shown that a single empirical correction factor can be used to estimate the surface pseudostress from monthly mean winds for all months throughout the oceanic tropics.
Abstract
Hourly values of the concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide at Mauna Loa Observatory (MLO) formed the basis for an investigation of concentration fluctuations on daily to monthly time scales. In agreement with earlier studies we found no evidence linking the fluctuations with large-scale variations in the atmospheric circulation. Neither did local cane fires produce any measurable effects. A diurnal variation that comprises daytime forest depletion and nighttime enhancement by outgassing from the summit caldera need not affect overall data quality. We conclude that MLO is an excellent site for monitoring atmospheric carbon dioxide.
Abstract
Hourly values of the concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide at Mauna Loa Observatory (MLO) formed the basis for an investigation of concentration fluctuations on daily to monthly time scales. In agreement with earlier studies we found no evidence linking the fluctuations with large-scale variations in the atmospheric circulation. Neither did local cane fires produce any measurable effects. A diurnal variation that comprises daytime forest depletion and nighttime enhancement by outgassing from the summit caldera need not affect overall data quality. We conclude that MLO is an excellent site for monitoring atmospheric carbon dioxide.
