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Abstract
A technique is discussed for measuring the wobbling or tumbling characteristics of simulated oblate hailstones. It involves the use of a suitable radar for tracking ice or Stycast, oblate spheroids dropped from an airplane or balloon and for making nearly continuous measurements of radar cross sections (and differential reflectivities, if possible) as functions of time and altitude. Analyses of such measurements should yield information on the rotational behavior of the falling spheroids.
Abstract
A technique is discussed for measuring the wobbling or tumbling characteristics of simulated oblate hailstones. It involves the use of a suitable radar for tracking ice or Stycast, oblate spheroids dropped from an airplane or balloon and for making nearly continuous measurements of radar cross sections (and differential reflectivities, if possible) as functions of time and altitude. Analyses of such measurements should yield information on the rotational behavior of the falling spheroids.
The use of radar-reflecting chaff for making measurements of wind velocity and divergence is discussed. Data are presented to illustrate how the chaff technique can be used in studies of phenomena of various scales.
The use of radar-reflecting chaff for making measurements of wind velocity and divergence is discussed. Data are presented to illustrate how the chaff technique can be used in studies of phenomena of various scales.
A review of the referencing practices in selected journals published in the United States, the Soviet Union, and England shows that cloud physicists rely to a great extent on material published in the native languages of the authors. This practice has persisted for more than two decades and demonstrates a degree of chauvinism not appropriate in a scientific discipline.
A review of the referencing practices in selected journals published in the United States, the Soviet Union, and England shows that cloud physicists rely to a great extent on material published in the native languages of the authors. This practice has persisted for more than two decades and demonstrates a degree of chauvinism not appropriate in a scientific discipline.
Abstract
Observations obtained by means of a zenith pointing, 3-cm pulsed-Doppler radar were used to estimate the turbulence spreading of the Doppler spectrum. This was done by comparing estimates of updraft velocity made by two schemes. One of them is independent of turbulence spreading effects providing they affect both tails of the spectrum. The second scheme is subject to errors when the spread of the spectrum is affected by factors other than the range of the terminal velocities of the detectable particles. In a small thunderstorm, the turbulence spreading of the Doppler spectrum in the region where rain was most likely, averaged 0.1 m sec−1 and had a standard deviation of 1 m sec−1.
Abstract
Observations obtained by means of a zenith pointing, 3-cm pulsed-Doppler radar were used to estimate the turbulence spreading of the Doppler spectrum. This was done by comparing estimates of updraft velocity made by two schemes. One of them is independent of turbulence spreading effects providing they affect both tails of the spectrum. The second scheme is subject to errors when the spread of the spectrum is affected by factors other than the range of the terminal velocities of the detectable particles. In a small thunderstorm, the turbulence spreading of the Doppler spectrum in the region where rain was most likely, averaged 0.1 m sec−1 and had a standard deviation of 1 m sec−1.
Abstract
During the summers of 1958 to 1962, convective clouds over a mountain range in southeastern Arizona were seeded by means of airborne silver-iodide generators. The data collected do not allow a conclusion that the seeding influenced the amount of cloud-to-ground lightning.
Abstract
During the summers of 1958 to 1962, convective clouds over a mountain range in southeastern Arizona were seeded by means of airborne silver-iodide generators. The data collected do not allow a conclusion that the seeding influenced the amount of cloud-to-ground lightning.
Abstract
Two groups of days, one with “heavy rain” and one with “light rain,” have been studied. Radar observations, cloud photographs and visual counts of cloud-to-ground lightning were examined. It is concluded that, at least in convective clouds in southeastern Arizona and probably in convective clouds in other geographical regions as well, the microphysical properties of the clouds are not of dominant importance in determining how much precipitation reaches the ground. It is inferred that the quantity of rainfall is mostly governed by those properties of the atmosphere which determine the size, strength and duration of the updrafts. The observations also show that as the quantity of rainfall increases so does the frequency of cloud-to-ground lightning.
Abstract
Two groups of days, one with “heavy rain” and one with “light rain,” have been studied. Radar observations, cloud photographs and visual counts of cloud-to-ground lightning were examined. It is concluded that, at least in convective clouds in southeastern Arizona and probably in convective clouds in other geographical regions as well, the microphysical properties of the clouds are not of dominant importance in determining how much precipitation reaches the ground. It is inferred that the quantity of rainfall is mostly governed by those properties of the atmosphere which determine the size, strength and duration of the updrafts. The observations also show that as the quantity of rainfall increases so does the frequency of cloud-to-ground lightning.
