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Statistics on tornado path lengths have been examined, and estimates are made of average path lengths and durations of individual tornadoes.
Statistics on tornado path lengths have been examined, and estimates are made of average path lengths and durations of individual tornadoes.
On the basis of a review of abstracts of articles published mostly since 1969, a summary has been prepared of Soviet research in weather modification. A wide spectrum of problems is being studied. Hail suppression and precipitation stimulation still are major areas of activity in the USSR. In recent years, Soviet scientists have begun research on the lightning suppression, the dissipation of convective clouds, and the use of heat for the dissipation of warm fog and stratus. The articles surveyed show little evidence that Soviet scientists, unlike their American counterparts, are convinced of the value of randomized experiments in the evaluation of cloud-seeding hypotheses. There is no evidence in this literature that the modification of large scale weather phenomena is being actively investigated in the Soviet Union.
On the basis of a review of abstracts of articles published mostly since 1969, a summary has been prepared of Soviet research in weather modification. A wide spectrum of problems is being studied. Hail suppression and precipitation stimulation still are major areas of activity in the USSR. In recent years, Soviet scientists have begun research on the lightning suppression, the dissipation of convective clouds, and the use of heat for the dissipation of warm fog and stratus. The articles surveyed show little evidence that Soviet scientists, unlike their American counterparts, are convinced of the value of randomized experiments in the evaluation of cloud-seeding hypotheses. There is no evidence in this literature that the modification of large scale weather phenomena is being actively investigated in the Soviet Union.
Abstract
A severe hailstorm, occuring on 10 August 1966, passed over a zenith pointing, X-band, pulsed-Doppler radar located on a mountain in southeastern Arizona. An analysis was made of measurements of radar reflectivity, mean Doppler velocity, variance of the Doppler spectrum, and calculated updraft velocity. The vertical air motions and characteristics of the hydrometeors within the storm were highly variable over distances of a few hundred meters to a few kilometers. The storm consisted of a series of updraft cores containing a number of discrete volumes, 1–2 km in diameter, of rapidly rising air with smaller accompanying eddies. The updraft cores were separated by regions of weak updrafts or downdrafts. For the most part, the highest reflectivities were outside the updraft cores. It is visualized that the hailstones within the fast-rising, distinct volumes. This process could account for the layers of clear and opaque ice within large stones by allowing them to pass through several rising volumes. It might also account for brief bursts of hail and short hailstreaks observed at the ground.
Abstract
A severe hailstorm, occuring on 10 August 1966, passed over a zenith pointing, X-band, pulsed-Doppler radar located on a mountain in southeastern Arizona. An analysis was made of measurements of radar reflectivity, mean Doppler velocity, variance of the Doppler spectrum, and calculated updraft velocity. The vertical air motions and characteristics of the hydrometeors within the storm were highly variable over distances of a few hundred meters to a few kilometers. The storm consisted of a series of updraft cores containing a number of discrete volumes, 1–2 km in diameter, of rapidly rising air with smaller accompanying eddies. The updraft cores were separated by regions of weak updrafts or downdrafts. For the most part, the highest reflectivities were outside the updraft cores. It is visualized that the hailstones within the fast-rising, distinct volumes. This process could account for the layers of clear and opaque ice within large stones by allowing them to pass through several rising volumes. It might also account for brief bursts of hail and short hailstreaks observed at the ground.
Abstract
Summer convective clouds over a fairly isolated mountain range over southeastern Arizona were seeded by means of airborne silver-iodide generators. The selection of days to be seeded was made according to a randomization scheme involving the examination of pairs of days. After a program conducted during the period 1957 to 1960 failed to show that rainfall was increased, the experimental procedures were changed and a second set of tests were performed during 1961, 1962 and 1964.
This report deals with the analysis of rainfall measured by networks of recording rain gages over the mountain target. The data do not support a hypothesis that rainfall was increased as a result of the silver-iodide seeding.
Abstract
Summer convective clouds over a fairly isolated mountain range over southeastern Arizona were seeded by means of airborne silver-iodide generators. The selection of days to be seeded was made according to a randomization scheme involving the examination of pairs of days. After a program conducted during the period 1957 to 1960 failed to show that rainfall was increased, the experimental procedures were changed and a second set of tests were performed during 1961, 1962 and 1964.
This report deals with the analysis of rainfall measured by networks of recording rain gages over the mountain target. The data do not support a hypothesis that rainfall was increased as a result of the silver-iodide seeding.
