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S. Twomey
,
H. Jacobowitz
, and
H. B. Howell

Abstract

If the radiation field is approximated by a discrete distribution at points or latitude circles on the unit sphere, matrix relationships can be written between incident and reflected or transmitted radiation fields. The reflection and transmission matrices thus defined are shown to satisfy algebraic equations which can be used to compute the properties of thick layers by building up the thick layers from thinner sublayers, the starting point being a layer so thin that it is effectively a single scattering layer only.

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S. Twomey
,
H. Jacobowitz
, and
H. B. Howell

Abstract

Results of calculations of diffuse reflection and transmission of cloud-model layers are presented. These calculations which are based on matrix methods developed by the authors and discussed in a previous paper include the effects of cloud thickness, absorption, drop-size distribution, liquid water content, and directions of the incident and emergent radiation.

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S. Twomey
,
H. B. Howell
, and
T. A. Wojciechowski

Abstract

No abstract available.

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S. Twomey
,
K. A. Davidson
, and
K. J. Seton

Abstract

Cloud nucleus concentration measurements made at hourly intervals between 1968 and 1973 at Robertson, N. S. W., show a very clear diurnal pattern with a maximum at approximately 1800 local time and a minimum at 0600 local time. It is suggested that photochemical reactions play a major role in the generation of cloud nuclei.

A close examination of the data suggests that the long-term trend, while indicating a general increase in pollution levels, could as readily be interpreted as fluctuations with changes in local or global meteorological factors. A much greater period of observation would be required to decide the question.

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