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- Author or Editor: E. S. Takle x
- Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology x
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Abstract
Temperature measurements taken over a 6-year period from a 32 m tower are used to study the climatology of low-level superadiabatic conditions in a rural area. Plots of monthly distributions of event commencement times and durations display a high degree of symmetry compared to the distributions for inversions previously published. This climatology can be used to better identify periods when spores, pollens, insects, smoke or agricultural chemicals introduced at the surface will quickly become available for long-range transport by the upper level winds.
Abstract
Temperature measurements taken over a 6-year period from a 32 m tower are used to study the climatology of low-level superadiabatic conditions in a rural area. Plots of monthly distributions of event commencement times and durations display a high degree of symmetry compared to the distributions for inversions previously published. This climatology can be used to better identify periods when spores, pollens, insects, smoke or agricultural chemicals introduced at the surface will quickly become available for long-range transport by the upper level winds.
Abstract
A two4Mensional second-order turbulence-closure model based on Mellor-Yamada level 3 is used to examine the nocturnal turbulence characteristics over Rattlesnake Mountain in Washington. Simulations of mean horizontal velocities and potential temperatures agree well with data. The equations for the components of the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) show that anisotropy contributes in ways that are counter to our intuition developed from mean now considerations: shear production under stable conditions forces the suppression of the vertical component proportion of loud TKE, while potential-temperature variance under stable conditions leads to a positive (countergradient) contribution to the heat flux that increases the vertical component proportion of total TKE. This paper provides a qualitative analysis of simulated turbulence fields, which indicates significant variation over the windward and leeward slopes. From the simulation results, turbulence anisotropy is seen to develop in the katabatic flow region where vertical wind shears and atmospheric stability are large. An enhancement of the vertical component proportion of the total TKE takes place over the leeward slope as the downslope distance increases. The countergradient portion of the turbulent heat flux plays an important role in producing regions of anisotropy.
Abstract
A two4Mensional second-order turbulence-closure model based on Mellor-Yamada level 3 is used to examine the nocturnal turbulence characteristics over Rattlesnake Mountain in Washington. Simulations of mean horizontal velocities and potential temperatures agree well with data. The equations for the components of the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) show that anisotropy contributes in ways that are counter to our intuition developed from mean now considerations: shear production under stable conditions forces the suppression of the vertical component proportion of loud TKE, while potential-temperature variance under stable conditions leads to a positive (countergradient) contribution to the heat flux that increases the vertical component proportion of total TKE. This paper provides a qualitative analysis of simulated turbulence fields, which indicates significant variation over the windward and leeward slopes. From the simulation results, turbulence anisotropy is seen to develop in the katabatic flow region where vertical wind shears and atmospheric stability are large. An enhancement of the vertical component proportion of the total TKE takes place over the leeward slope as the downslope distance increases. The countergradient portion of the turbulent heat flux plays an important role in producing regions of anisotropy.
Abstract
A hybrid density function is given for describing wind-speed distributions having nonzero probability of “calm.” A Weibull probability graph paper designed specifically for plotting wind-speed distributions is used to determine distribution parameters to within a few percent of values obtained by the maximum likelihood technique. Data from the National Weather Service are used to demonstrate the use of the hybrid density function and the Weibull graph paper.
Abstract
A hybrid density function is given for describing wind-speed distributions having nonzero probability of “calm.” A Weibull probability graph paper designed specifically for plotting wind-speed distributions is used to determine distribution parameters to within a few percent of values obtained by the maximum likelihood technique. Data from the National Weather Service are used to demonstrate the use of the hybrid density function and the Weibull graph paper.
Abstract
The authors report results of a numerical model used to simulate wind and turbulence fields for porous, living shelterbelts with seven different cross-sectional shapes. The simulations are consistent with results of Woodruff and Zingg whose wind-tunnel study demonstrated that all shelterbelts with very different shapes have nearly identical reduction of wind and turbulence. The simulations also showed that the pressure-loss (resistance) coefficient for smooth-shaped or streamlined shelterbelts is significantly smaller than that for rectangle-shaped or triangle-shaped shelterbelts with a windward vertical side. However, the shelter effects are not proportional to the pressure-loss coefficient (drag). Analysis of the momentum budget demonstrated that in the near lee and in the far lee, both vertical advection and pressure gradient have opposite roles in the recovery of wind speed. This behavior, combined with differences in permeability, is the likely cause of reduced sensitivity of shelter effects to shelterbelt shape.
Abstract
The authors report results of a numerical model used to simulate wind and turbulence fields for porous, living shelterbelts with seven different cross-sectional shapes. The simulations are consistent with results of Woodruff and Zingg whose wind-tunnel study demonstrated that all shelterbelts with very different shapes have nearly identical reduction of wind and turbulence. The simulations also showed that the pressure-loss (resistance) coefficient for smooth-shaped or streamlined shelterbelts is significantly smaller than that for rectangle-shaped or triangle-shaped shelterbelts with a windward vertical side. However, the shelter effects are not proportional to the pressure-loss coefficient (drag). Analysis of the momentum budget demonstrated that in the near lee and in the far lee, both vertical advection and pressure gradient have opposite roles in the recovery of wind speed. This behavior, combined with differences in permeability, is the likely cause of reduced sensitivity of shelter effects to shelterbelt shape.
Abstract
Temperature and wind speed measurements over a 6-year period from a 32 m tower located in a primarily rural area are used to assess the pollutant-dispersive characteristics of a rural site. A monthly comparison of a crude pollution-trapping index shows July through September the most favorable, and December through February the least favorable, months for the trapping of contaminants emitted from ground-based sources in rural areas.
Abstract
Temperature and wind speed measurements over a 6-year period from a 32 m tower located in a primarily rural area are used to assess the pollutant-dispersive characteristics of a rural site. A monthly comparison of a crude pollution-trapping index shows July through September the most favorable, and December through February the least favorable, months for the trapping of contaminants emitted from ground-based sources in rural areas.
Abstract
The potential impact of the increase in irrigated areas in North America during the past 100 years on summer rainfall associated with medium- to large-scale precipitation systems is evaluated conceptually and by several illustrative numerical model simulations. The model results for the simulated cases suggest a tendency toward some increase in the continental-average rainfall for the present irrigation conditions compared with those of past irrigation. The maximum increase obtained for several studied cases of 6-day duration each was 1.7%. Rainfall increases typically occur in the location of existing rainfall areas, and the main effect of irrigation is to redistribute rainfall in those preexisting precipitation regions.
Abstract
The potential impact of the increase in irrigated areas in North America during the past 100 years on summer rainfall associated with medium- to large-scale precipitation systems is evaluated conceptually and by several illustrative numerical model simulations. The model results for the simulated cases suggest a tendency toward some increase in the continental-average rainfall for the present irrigation conditions compared with those of past irrigation. The maximum increase obtained for several studied cases of 6-day duration each was 1.7%. Rainfall increases typically occur in the location of existing rainfall areas, and the main effect of irrigation is to redistribute rainfall in those preexisting precipitation regions.
