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- Author or Editor: Edward T. Pierce x
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The Thunderstorm Project of 1946–47 was the first large-scale investigation of thunderstorms; however, the electrical studies included in the project were quite limited. Scientists working in atmospheric electricity have long felt the need for a second project in which the electrical phenomena are thoroughly investigated. The opportunity for such a project was provided by Kennedy Space Center (KSC), NASA, when the center issued a generous invitation to the atmospheric electricians to join in cooperative studies of storms at KSC. This invitation—enthusiastically accepted—has led to the Thunderstorm Research International Program (TRIP).
In the summer of 1976, some 20 principal investigators will participate in TRIP. Each investigator provides his own basic funding and equipment; however, each will also receive logistic support from KSC such as facilities at experimental sites and office space. The experiments include radar observations; electrical measurements at the ground and from aircraft and balloons; tests of various methods for locating lightning; studies of thunder; and so on.
The organization of TRIP-76 is fundamentally cooperative; there is no direction. Interlinkage and exchange of data among the investigators are essentially on a voluntary basis. Perhaps the greatest experiment in TRIP-76 is to test whether cooperation can indeed be achieved with a minimum of organization. Future versions of TRIP are planned for KSC in 1977 and 1978 and for other parts of the United States later; these may need to be more structured.
The Thunderstorm Project of 1946–47 was the first large-scale investigation of thunderstorms; however, the electrical studies included in the project were quite limited. Scientists working in atmospheric electricity have long felt the need for a second project in which the electrical phenomena are thoroughly investigated. The opportunity for such a project was provided by Kennedy Space Center (KSC), NASA, when the center issued a generous invitation to the atmospheric electricians to join in cooperative studies of storms at KSC. This invitation—enthusiastically accepted—has led to the Thunderstorm Research International Program (TRIP).
In the summer of 1976, some 20 principal investigators will participate in TRIP. Each investigator provides his own basic funding and equipment; however, each will also receive logistic support from KSC such as facilities at experimental sites and office space. The experiments include radar observations; electrical measurements at the ground and from aircraft and balloons; tests of various methods for locating lightning; studies of thunder; and so on.
The organization of TRIP-76 is fundamentally cooperative; there is no direction. Interlinkage and exchange of data among the investigators are essentially on a voluntary basis. Perhaps the greatest experiment in TRIP-76 is to test whether cooperation can indeed be achieved with a minimum of organization. Future versions of TRIP are planned for KSC in 1977 and 1978 and for other parts of the United States later; these may need to be more structured.
Abstract
The inner shelf, the transition zone between the surfzone and the midshelf, is a dynamically complex region with the evolution of circulation and stratification driven by multiple physical processes. Cross-shelf exchange through the inner shelf has important implications for coastal water quality, ecological connectivity, and lateral movement of sediment and heat. The Inner-Shelf Dynamics Experiment (ISDE) was an intensive, coordinated, multi-institution field experiment from September–October 2017, conducted from the midshelf, through the inner shelf, and into the surfzone near Point Sal, California. Satellite, airborne, shore- and ship-based remote sensing, in-water moorings and ship-based sampling, and numerical ocean circulation models forced by winds, waves, and tides were used to investigate the dynamics governing the circulation and transport in the inner shelf and the role of coastline variability on regional circulation dynamics. Here, the following physical processes are highlighted: internal wave dynamics from the midshelf to the inner shelf; flow separation and eddy shedding off Point Sal; offshore ejection of surfzone waters from rip currents; and wind-driven subtidal circulation dynamics. The extensive dataset from ISDE allows for unprecedented investigations into the role of physical processes in creating spatial heterogeneity, and nonlinear interactions between various inner-shelf physical processes. Overall, the highly spatially and temporally resolved oceanographic measurements and numerical simulations of ISDE provide a central framework for studies exploring this complex and fascinating region of the ocean.
Abstract
The inner shelf, the transition zone between the surfzone and the midshelf, is a dynamically complex region with the evolution of circulation and stratification driven by multiple physical processes. Cross-shelf exchange through the inner shelf has important implications for coastal water quality, ecological connectivity, and lateral movement of sediment and heat. The Inner-Shelf Dynamics Experiment (ISDE) was an intensive, coordinated, multi-institution field experiment from September–October 2017, conducted from the midshelf, through the inner shelf, and into the surfzone near Point Sal, California. Satellite, airborne, shore- and ship-based remote sensing, in-water moorings and ship-based sampling, and numerical ocean circulation models forced by winds, waves, and tides were used to investigate the dynamics governing the circulation and transport in the inner shelf and the role of coastline variability on regional circulation dynamics. Here, the following physical processes are highlighted: internal wave dynamics from the midshelf to the inner shelf; flow separation and eddy shedding off Point Sal; offshore ejection of surfzone waters from rip currents; and wind-driven subtidal circulation dynamics. The extensive dataset from ISDE allows for unprecedented investigations into the role of physical processes in creating spatial heterogeneity, and nonlinear interactions between various inner-shelf physical processes. Overall, the highly spatially and temporally resolved oceanographic measurements and numerical simulations of ISDE provide a central framework for studies exploring this complex and fascinating region of the ocean.
