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- Author or Editor: J. R. Gillespie x
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Abstract
A numerical model was set up to study the evolution of raindrop spectra by collision-induced breakup as measured in the laboratory. The main conclusion is that drops with diameters larger than 2-3 mm, failing in a population of smaller drops typical of natural rain, break up in comparatively short times (1–5 min in rainfalls of 100 mm h−1). The presence of large drops (4–6 mm) in (cold) rain produced by the Wegener-Bergeron-Findeisen mechanism through melting of ice particles can be attributed to the short time available for large drops to break up in sufficient numbers during the time of fall after melting. Large drops are scarce in (steady-state) warm rain because they break up in collisions and rarely reach diameters larger than 2.5 mm. Hence, the standard notion of a critical diameter of 5–6 mm which raindrops are supposed to reach before breakup due to aerodynamic instability is no longer acceptable.
Abstract
A numerical model was set up to study the evolution of raindrop spectra by collision-induced breakup as measured in the laboratory. The main conclusion is that drops with diameters larger than 2-3 mm, failing in a population of smaller drops typical of natural rain, break up in comparatively short times (1–5 min in rainfalls of 100 mm h−1). The presence of large drops (4–6 mm) in (cold) rain produced by the Wegener-Bergeron-Findeisen mechanism through melting of ice particles can be attributed to the short time available for large drops to break up in sufficient numbers during the time of fall after melting. Large drops are scarce in (steady-state) warm rain because they break up in collisions and rarely reach diameters larger than 2.5 mm. Hence, the standard notion of a critical diameter of 5–6 mm which raindrops are supposed to reach before breakup due to aerodynamic instability is no longer acceptable.
Abstract
A fungicide-spray scheduling scheme for tomatoes called TOM-CAST (tomato forecaster) was adapted for use with operational weather data in order to increase the number of users by eliminating the need for in-field measurements of hourly temperature and leaf wetness duration. Such schemes reduce cost, environmental risk, and the development of resistance to the fungicide. Duration of wetness was estimated as the length of time that the dewpoint depression (T−Td ) remained between two specified limits, indicating the onset and offset of wetness. Several methods of obtaining the necessary temperature and dewpoint data were investigated. The preferred method, considering accuracy and simplicity, involved synthesis of hourly temperatures from locally observed daily maximum and minimum temperatures, and estimation of dewpoints from two Environment Canada hourly weather stations. With appropriate calibration, the scheme was able to match the number of sprays required by TOM-CAST exactly or within one spray.
Abstract
A fungicide-spray scheduling scheme for tomatoes called TOM-CAST (tomato forecaster) was adapted for use with operational weather data in order to increase the number of users by eliminating the need for in-field measurements of hourly temperature and leaf wetness duration. Such schemes reduce cost, environmental risk, and the development of resistance to the fungicide. Duration of wetness was estimated as the length of time that the dewpoint depression (T−Td ) remained between two specified limits, indicating the onset and offset of wetness. Several methods of obtaining the necessary temperature and dewpoint data were investigated. The preferred method, considering accuracy and simplicity, involved synthesis of hourly temperatures from locally observed daily maximum and minimum temperatures, and estimation of dewpoints from two Environment Canada hourly weather stations. With appropriate calibration, the scheme was able to match the number of sprays required by TOM-CAST exactly or within one spray.
Abstract
Observations are the foundation for understanding the climate system. Yet, currently available land meteorological data are highly fractured into various global, regional, and national holdings for different variables and time scales, from a variety of sources, and in a mixture of formats. Added to this, many data are still inaccessible for analysis and usage. To meet modern scientific and societal demands as well as emerging needs such as the provision of climate services, it is essential that we improve the management and curation of available land-based meteorological holdings. We need a comprehensive global set of data holdings, of known provenance, that is truly integrated both across essential climate variables (ECVs) and across time scales to meet the broad range of stakeholder needs. These holdings must be easily discoverable, made available in accessible formats, and backed up by multitiered user support. The present paper provides a high-level overview, based upon broad community input, of the steps that are required to bring about this integration. The significant challenge is to find a sustained means to realize this vision. This requires a long-term international program. The database that results will transform our collective ability to provide societally relevant research, analysis, and predictions in many weather- and climate-related application areas across much of the globe.
Abstract
Observations are the foundation for understanding the climate system. Yet, currently available land meteorological data are highly fractured into various global, regional, and national holdings for different variables and time scales, from a variety of sources, and in a mixture of formats. Added to this, many data are still inaccessible for analysis and usage. To meet modern scientific and societal demands as well as emerging needs such as the provision of climate services, it is essential that we improve the management and curation of available land-based meteorological holdings. We need a comprehensive global set of data holdings, of known provenance, that is truly integrated both across essential climate variables (ECVs) and across time scales to meet the broad range of stakeholder needs. These holdings must be easily discoverable, made available in accessible formats, and backed up by multitiered user support. The present paper provides a high-level overview, based upon broad community input, of the steps that are required to bring about this integration. The significant challenge is to find a sustained means to realize this vision. This requires a long-term international program. The database that results will transform our collective ability to provide societally relevant research, analysis, and predictions in many weather- and climate-related application areas across much of the globe.
