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Abstract
Liquid water concentrations in cumulus clouds have been measured from an aircraft using the Johnson-Williams hot wire device. From simultaneous continuous cloud replicator records, liquid water contents have been computed from the observed drop size distributions. Comparisons between data from the hot wire and replicator devices indicate that both instruments are fairly accurate in measuring liquid water contents at least up to 3.5 gm m−3, with the closest agreement when the median volume diameter of the cloud droplets was under 30 μm.
Abstract
Liquid water concentrations in cumulus clouds have been measured from an aircraft using the Johnson-Williams hot wire device. From simultaneous continuous cloud replicator records, liquid water contents have been computed from the observed drop size distributions. Comparisons between data from the hot wire and replicator devices indicate that both instruments are fairly accurate in measuring liquid water contents at least up to 3.5 gm m−3, with the closest agreement when the median volume diameter of the cloud droplets was under 30 μm.
Abstract
An intense rainstorm at Fremont, Mo., on July 28, 1964, yielded over 3 in. of rain in 30 min. and a total of 9.5 in. in 5 hr. The synoptic weather situation which was responsible for producing such an intense rain is discussed. Mass rainfall curves, a total storm isohyetal map, an area-depth curve, and a graph of rainfall rates, are presented. Computed updrafts in the clouds versus observed updrafts from radar data are discussed; the maximum cloud penetration height is compared with observed radar echo heights.
Abstract
An intense rainstorm at Fremont, Mo., on July 28, 1964, yielded over 3 in. of rain in 30 min. and a total of 9.5 in. in 5 hr. The synoptic weather situation which was responsible for producing such an intense rain is discussed. Mass rainfall curves, a total storm isohyetal map, an area-depth curve, and a graph of rainfall rates, are presented. Computed updrafts in the clouds versus observed updrafts from radar data are discussed; the maximum cloud penetration height is compared with observed radar echo heights.
Abstract
During the summer of 1966 from Bemidji, Minn., aircraft collections of cirrus crystals were made with a continuous particle replicator. Actual samples show that cirrus crystal trails with a concentrations of 105–106 m−3 can survive a fall of 20,000 ft in clear air with a temperature/dew point spread of 15C. Computations of evaporation rates for falling crystals suggest that it is somewhat surprising that the crystals could have survived under the observed conditions; however, this may have been because input data for the calculations are inadequate.
Abstract
During the summer of 1966 from Bemidji, Minn., aircraft collections of cirrus crystals were made with a continuous particle replicator. Actual samples show that cirrus crystal trails with a concentrations of 105–106 m−3 can survive a fall of 20,000 ft in clear air with a temperature/dew point spread of 15C. Computations of evaporation rates for falling crystals suggest that it is somewhat surprising that the crystals could have survived under the observed conditions; however, this may have been because input data for the calculations are inadequate.
Abstract
An instrument for collecting cloud particles from an airplane has been developed. Cloud particles are captured and permanently replicated using the well known Formvar technique. From the continuous record of hydrometeor replicas, the forms, sizes and frequency distributions can be established. Description of the instrument and examples of data collected from natural clouds are presented. Problems of calibration are discussed.
Abstract
An instrument for collecting cloud particles from an airplane has been developed. Cloud particles are captured and permanently replicated using the well known Formvar technique. From the continuous record of hydrometeor replicas, the forms, sizes and frequency distributions can be established. Description of the instrument and examples of data collected from natural clouds are presented. Problems of calibration are discussed.
