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Abstract
A bogus data assimilation (BDA) scheme is presented and used to generate the initial structure of a tropical cyclone for hurricane prediction. It was tested on Hurricane Felix (1995) in the Atlantic Ocean during its mature stage. The Pennsylvania State University–National Center for Atmospheric Research nonhydrostatic Mesoscale Model version 5 was used for both the data assimilation and prediction. It was found that a dynamically and physically consistent initial condition describing the dynamic and thermodynamic structure of a hurricane vortex can be generated by fitting the forecast model to a specified bogus surface low based on a few observed and estimated parameters. Through forecast model constraint, BDA is able to recover many of the structural features of a mature hurricane including a warm-core vortex with winds swirling in and out of the vortex center in the lower and upper troposphere, respectively; the eyewall; the saturated ascent around the eye and descent or weak ascent in the eye; and the spiral cloud bands and rainbands. Satellite and radar data, if available, can be incorporated into the BDA procedure. It was shown that satellite-derived water vapor winds have an added value for BDA—they can generate a more realistic initial vortex.
As a result of BDA using both a bogus surface low and satellite water vapor wind data, dramatic improvements occurred in the hurricane prediction of Felix. First of all, the initial fields of model variables describing the BDA initial vortex are well adapted to the forecast model. Second, the intensity forecast was greatly improved. The mean error of the central sea level pressure during the entire 72-h forecast period reduced from 25.9 hPa without BDA to less than 2.1 hPa with BDA. Third, the model captured the structures of the storm reasonably well. In particular, the model reproduced the ring of maximum winds, the eye, the eyewall, and the spiral cloud bands. Finally, improvement in the track prediction was also observed. The 24-, 48-, and 72-h forecast track errors with BDA were 76, 76, and 84 km, respectively, compared to the track errors of 93, 170, and 193 km without BDA.
Abstract
A bogus data assimilation (BDA) scheme is presented and used to generate the initial structure of a tropical cyclone for hurricane prediction. It was tested on Hurricane Felix (1995) in the Atlantic Ocean during its mature stage. The Pennsylvania State University–National Center for Atmospheric Research nonhydrostatic Mesoscale Model version 5 was used for both the data assimilation and prediction. It was found that a dynamically and physically consistent initial condition describing the dynamic and thermodynamic structure of a hurricane vortex can be generated by fitting the forecast model to a specified bogus surface low based on a few observed and estimated parameters. Through forecast model constraint, BDA is able to recover many of the structural features of a mature hurricane including a warm-core vortex with winds swirling in and out of the vortex center in the lower and upper troposphere, respectively; the eyewall; the saturated ascent around the eye and descent or weak ascent in the eye; and the spiral cloud bands and rainbands. Satellite and radar data, if available, can be incorporated into the BDA procedure. It was shown that satellite-derived water vapor winds have an added value for BDA—they can generate a more realistic initial vortex.
As a result of BDA using both a bogus surface low and satellite water vapor wind data, dramatic improvements occurred in the hurricane prediction of Felix. First of all, the initial fields of model variables describing the BDA initial vortex are well adapted to the forecast model. Second, the intensity forecast was greatly improved. The mean error of the central sea level pressure during the entire 72-h forecast period reduced from 25.9 hPa without BDA to less than 2.1 hPa with BDA. Third, the model captured the structures of the storm reasonably well. In particular, the model reproduced the ring of maximum winds, the eye, the eyewall, and the spiral cloud bands. Finally, improvement in the track prediction was also observed. The 24-, 48-, and 72-h forecast track errors with BDA were 76, 76, and 84 km, respectively, compared to the track errors of 93, 170, and 193 km without BDA.
