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Ian A. Renfrew
,
G. W. K. Moore
,
Teddy R. Holt
,
Simon W. Chang
, and
Peter Guest

This report discusses the design and implementation of a specialized forecasting system that was set up to support the observational component of the Labrador Sea Deep Convection Experiment. This ongoing experiment is a multidisciplinary program of observations, theory, and modeling aimed at improving our knowledge of the deep convection process in the ocean, and the air–sea interaction that forces it. The observational part of the program was centered around a cruise of the R/V Knorr during winter 1997, as well as several complementary meteorological research flights. To aid the planning of ship and aircraft operations a specially tailored mesoscale model was run over the Labrador Sea, with the model output postprocessed and transferred to a remote field base. The benefits of using a warm-start analysis cycle in the model are discussed. The utility of the forecasting system is illustrated through a description of the flight planning process for several cases. The forecasts proved to be invaluable both in ship operations and in putting the aircraft in the right place at the right time. In writing this narrative the authors hope to encourage the use of similar forecasting systems in the support of future field programs, something that is becoming increasingly possible with the rise in real-time numerical weather prediction.

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Wendell A. Nuss
,
John ML Bane
,
William T. Thompson
,
Teddy Holt
,
Clive E. Dorman
,
F. Martin Ralph
,
Richard Rotunno
,
Joseph B. Klemp
,
William C. Skamarock
,
Roger M. Samelson
,
Audrey M. Rogerson
,
Chris Reason
, and
Peter Jackson

Coastally trapped wind reversals along the U.S. west coast, which are often accompanied by a northward surge of fog or stratus, are an important warm-season forecast problem due to their impact on coastal maritime activities and airport operations. Previous studies identified several possible dynamic mechanisms that could be responsible for producing these events, yet observational and modeling limitations at the time left these competing interpretations open for debate. In an effort to improve our physical understanding, and ultimately the prediction, of these events, the Office of Naval Research sponsored an Accelerated Research Initiative in Coastal Meteorology during the years 1993–98 to study these and other related coastal meteorological phenomena. This effort included two field programs to study coastally trapped disturbances as well as numerous modeling studies to explore key dynamic mechanisms. This paper describes the various efforts that occurred under this program to provide an advancement in our understanding of these disturbances. While not all issues have been solved, the synoptic and mesoscale aspects of these events are considerably better understood.

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Qing Wang
,
Denny P. Alappattu
,
Stephanie Billingsley
,
Byron Blomquist
,
Robert J. Burkholder
,
Adam J. Christman
,
Edward D. Creegan
,
Tony de Paolo
,
Daniel P. Eleuterio
,
Harindra Joseph S. Fernando
,
Kyle B. Franklin
,
Andrey A. Grachev
,
Tracy Haack
,
Thomas R. Hanley
,
Christopher M. Hocut
,
Teddy R. Holt
,
Kate Horgan
,
Haflidi H. Jonsson
,
Robert A. Hale
,
John A. Kalogiros
,
Djamal Khelif
,
Laura S. Leo
,
Richard J. Lind
,
Iossif Lozovatsky
,
Jesus Planella-Morato
,
Swagato Mukherjee
,
Wendell A. Nuss
,
Jonathan Pozderac
,
L. Ted Rogers
,
Ivan Savelyev
,
Dana K. Savidge
,
R. Kipp Shearman
,
Lian Shen
,
Eric Terrill
,
A. Marcela Ulate
,
Qi Wang
,
R. Travis Wendt
,
Russell Wiss
,
Roy K. Woods
,
Luyao Xu
,
Ryan T. Yamaguchi
, and
Caglar Yardim

Abstract

The Coupled Air–Sea Processes and Electromagnetic Ducting Research (CASPER) project aims to better quantify atmospheric effects on the propagation of radar and communication signals in the marine environment. Such effects are associated with vertical gradients of temperature and water vapor in the marine atmospheric surface layer (MASL) and in the capping inversion of the marine atmospheric boundary layer (MABL), as well as the horizontal variations of these vertical gradients. CASPER field measurements emphasized simultaneous characterization of electromagnetic (EM) wave propagation, the propagation environment, and the physical processes that gave rise to the measured refractivity conditions. CASPER modeling efforts utilized state-of-the-art large-eddy simulations (LESs) with a dynamically coupled MASL and phase-resolved ocean surface waves. CASPER-East was the first of two planned field campaigns, conducted in October and November 2015 offshore of Duck, North Carolina. This article highlights the scientific motivations and objectives of CASPER and provides an overview of the CASPER-East field campaign. The CASPER-East sampling strategy enabled us to obtain EM wave propagation loss as well as concurrent environmental refractive conditions along the propagation path. This article highlights the initial results from this sampling strategy showing the range-dependent propagation loss, the atmospheric and upper-oceanic variability along the propagation range, and the MASL thermodynamic profiles measured during CASPER-East.

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