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Vincent T. Wood

Abstract

A ground-based Doppler radar technique is developed for detecting a tropical cyclone center position. Accurate determination of the cyclone center position, based on Doppler velocity measurements, will become essential for the issuance of hurricane advisories, forecasts, and warnings once a network of WSR-88D Doppler radars is deployed on the United States coastlines, islands, and military bases during the 1990s. This will allow high-resolution detection and tracking of hurricanes nearing land for the first time.

Simulated Doppler velocity data, which were reconstructed from wind field data collected by reconnaissance aircraft during Hurricanes Alicia (1983) and Gloria (1985), were used to test the concept of using ground-based Doppler radar data to estimate cyclone center location. The center range and azimuth estimates of a hurricane signature were calculated from the simulated coastal Doppler radar velocity data. Preliminary results indicate that the technique performed well for estimating center locations from the radar measurements compared with storm center positions determined from in situ aircraft measurements.

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Vincent T. Wood
and
Rodger A. Brown

Abstract

Geometrical and mathematical relationships are developed to explain the variation with radar range of idealized single-Doppler velocity patterns of axisymmetric rotation and divergence regions. The velocity patterns become distorted as they approach a Doppler radar site. As a consequence, the apparent core diameters and locations of the centers of the features depart from the true values. Equations are derived to estimate the true values from the distorted Doppler velocity fields.

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Rodger A. Brown
and
Vincent T. Wood

Abstract

Although the flow field within a severe thunderstorm is complex, it is possible to simulate the basic features using simple analytical flow models (such as uniform flow, axisymmetric rotation, axisymmetric divergence). Combinations of such flow models are used to produce simulated Doppler velocity patterns that can be used as “signatures” for identifying quasi-horizontal flow features within severe thunderstorms. Some of these flow features are: convergence in the lower portions of a storm and divergence in the upper portions associated with a strong updraft, surface divergence associated with a wet or dry downdraft, mesocyclone (rotating updraft), flow around an updraft obstacle, and tornado. Recognition of the associated Doppler velocity patterns can aid in the interpretation of single-Doppler radar measurements that include only the radial component of flow in the radar viewing direction.

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Vincent T. Wood
and
Luther W. White

Abstract

A new parametric model of vortex tangential-wind profiles is presented that is primarily designed to depict realistic-looking tangential wind profiles such as those in intense atmospheric vortices arising in dust devils, waterspouts, tornadoes, mesocyclones, and tropical cyclones. The profile employs five key parameters: maximum tangential wind, radius of maximum tangential wind, and three power-law exponents that shape different portions of the velocity profile. In particular, a new parameter is included controlling the broadly or sharply peaked profile in the annular zone of tangential velocity maximum. Different combinations of varying the model parameters are considered to investigate and understand their effects on the physical behaviors of tangential wind and corresponding vertical vorticity profiles. Additionally, the parametric tangential velocity and vorticity profiles are favorably compared to those of an idealized Rankine model and also those of a theoretical stagnant core vortex model in which no tangential velocity exists within a core boundary and a potential flow occurs outside the core. Furthermore, the parametric profiles are evaluated against and compared to those of two other idealized vortex models (Burgers–Rott and Sullivan). The comparative profiles indicate very good agreements with low root-mean-square errors of a few tenths of a meter per second and high correlation coefficients of nearly one. Thus, the veracity of the parametric model is demonstrated.

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Vincent T. Wood
and
Rodger A. Brown

Abstract

A tornadic vortex signature (TVS) is a degraded Doppler velocity signature that occurs when the tangential velocity core region of a tornado is smaller than the effective beamwidth of a sampling Doppler radar. Early Doppler radar simulations, which used a uniform reflectivity distribution across an idealized Rankine vortex, showed that the extreme Doppler velocity peaks of a TVS profile are separated by approximately one beamwidth. The simulations also indicated that neither the size nor the strength of the tornado is recoverable from a TVS. The current study was undertaken to investigate how the TVS might change if vortices having more realistic tangential velocity profiles were considered. The one-celled (axial updraft only) Burgers–Rott vortex model and the two-celled (annular updraft with axial downdraft) Sullivan vortex model were selected. Results of the simulations show that the TVS peaks still are separated by approximately one beamwidth—signifying that the TVS not only is unaffected by the size or strength of a tornado but also is unaffected by whether the tornado structure consists of one or two cells.

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Vincent T. Wood
and
Rodger A. Brown

Abstract

A variety of single Doppler velocity patterns that simulate those observed in a nondivergent environment is presented. Measurements in optically clear air and/or widespread precipitation are simulated, using horizontally uniform wind fields that vary with height. Vertical profiles of wind speed and direction indicated by the simulated Doppler velocity fields agree well with Doppler radar measurements. Horizontally uniform winds veering with height produce a striking S-shaped pattern, indicative of warm air advection; winds backing with height produce a backward S, indicative of cold air advection. A maximum in the vertical profile of wind speed is indicated by a pair of concentric contours, one upwind and one downwind of the radar. The presence of a frontal discontinuity is indicated by rapid variation of wind direction within the frontal zone. The wind speed profile controls the overall pattern including the spacing between contours, whereas the vertical profile of wind direction controls contour curvature.

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A Hole in the Weather Warning System

Improving Access to Hazardous Weather Information for Deaf and Hard of Hearing People

Vincent T. Wood
and
Robert A. Weisman

In this article, the problems deaf and hard of hearing people experience when attempting to access the weather warning systems in Oklahoma and Minnesota are documented. Deaf and hard of hearing people cannot hear Civil Defense sirens, cannot listen to local radio stations that are broadcasting emergency information through the Emergency Alert System, cannot access weather warnings through conventional National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Weather Radio, and often have problems obtaining weather information from local television stations due to the lack of text information. These problems had forced deaf and hard of hearing people to rely on looking at the sky or having hearing people alert them as their primary methods of receiving emergency information. These problems are documented through the use of a survey of277 deaf and hard of hearing people in Minnesota and Oklahoma as well as specific examples.

During the last two years, some progress has been made to “close this hole” in the weather warning system. The Federal Communications Commission has approved new rules, requiring that all audio emergency information provided by television stations, satellite, and cable operators must also be provided visually. In addition, the use of new technology such as pager systems, weather radios adapted for use by those with special needs, the Internet, and satellite warning systems have allowed deaf and hard of hearing people to have more access to emergency information.

In this article, these improvements are documented but continuing problems and possible solutions are also listed.

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Vincent T. Wood
and
Rodger A. Brown

Abstract

Simulated WSR-88D (Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler) radar data were used to investigate the effects of discrete azimuthal sampling on Doppler velocity signatures of modeled mesocyclones and tornadoes at various ranges from the radar and for various random positions of the radar beam with respect to the vortices. Results show that the random position of the beam can change the magnitudes and locations of peak Doppler velocity values. The important implication presented in this study is that short-term variations in tornado and far-range mesocyclone intensity observed by a WSR-88D radar may be due to evolution or due to the chance positions of the radar beam relative to the vortex’s maximum rotational velocities or due to some combination of both.

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Rodger A. Brown
and
Vincent T. Wood

Abstract

Simulations were conducted to investigate the detection of the Doppler velocity tornado signature (TS) and tornadic vortex signature (TVS) when a tornado is located at the center of the parent mesocyclone. Whether the signature is a TS or TVS depends on whether the tornado’s core diameter is greater than or less than the radar’s effective beamwidth, respectively. The investigation included three radar effective beamwidths, two mesocyclones, and six different-sized tornadoes, each of which had 10 different maximum tangential velocities assigned to it to represent a variety of strengths. The concentric tornadoes and mesocyclones were positioned 10–150 km from the radar. The results indicate that 1) azimuthal shear at the center of the mesocyclone increases as the associated tornado gains strength before a TS or TVS appears, 2) smaller tornadoes need to be much stronger than larger tornadoes at a given range for a signature to appear within the mesocyclone, and 3) when the tornado diameter is wider than about one-quarter of the mesocyclone diameter, the TS or TVS associated with a given mesocyclone appears when the tornado has attained about the same strength regardless of range.

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Rodger A. Brown
and
Vincent T. Wood

Abstract

The National Weather Radar Testbed was established in Norman, Oklahoma, in 2002 to evaluate, in part, the feasibility of eventually replacing mechanically scanned parabolic antennas with electronically scanned phased-array antennas on weather surveillance radars. If a phased-array antenna system is to replace the current antenna, among the important decisions that must be made are the design (flat faces, cylinder, etc.) that will be needed to cover 360° in azimuth and the choice of an acceptable beamwidth. Investigating the flat-face option, four faces seem to be a reasonable choice for providing adequate coverage. To help with the beamwidth decision-making process, the influence of beamwidth on the resolution of various-sized simulated vortices is investigated. It is found that the half-power beamwidth across the antenna should be no more than 1.0° (equating to a broadside beamwidth of 0.75°) in order to provide National Weather Service forecasters with at least the same quality of data resolution that is currently available for making tornado and severe storm warnings.

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