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- Author or Editor: Raymond K. W. Wong x
- Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology x
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Abstract
A maximum likelihood approach to the application of the gamma size distribution is described and compared with the method of moments approach suggested by Ulbrich. Estimation of distribution parameters based on the maximum likelihood principle and Ulbrich's estimation method have different weighting characteristics, which are illustrated through the use of quantile-quantile plots. The ability of the gamma size distribution to describe curvature on a semilogarithmic diagram, and the mathematical simplicity of incorporating it in the sampling error model based on the Poisson process make it possible to derive a sampling error model with consideration given to changes in size distribution shape. It is also shown that variations in size distribution shape can have significant effects on the estimation of sampling errors.
Abstract
A maximum likelihood approach to the application of the gamma size distribution is described and compared with the method of moments approach suggested by Ulbrich. Estimation of distribution parameters based on the maximum likelihood principle and Ulbrich's estimation method have different weighting characteristics, which are illustrated through the use of quantile-quantile plots. The ability of the gamma size distribution to describe curvature on a semilogarithmic diagram, and the mathematical simplicity of incorporating it in the sampling error model based on the Poisson process make it possible to derive a sampling error model with consideration given to changes in size distribution shape. It is also shown that variations in size distribution shape can have significant effects on the estimation of sampling errors.
Abstract
Rapidly converging maximum likelihood procedures for estimating and testing Weibull distribution parameters are presented, together with numerical examples of their applications. Goodness-of-fit comparisons based on nine sets of meteorological or hydrological data were made among the gamma, lognormal, three-parameter kappa and Weibull distributions. The Weibull distribution is shown to be a reasonable alternative to the other three distributions.
Abstract
Rapidly converging maximum likelihood procedures for estimating and testing Weibull distribution parameters are presented, together with numerical examples of their applications. Goodness-of-fit comparisons based on nine sets of meteorological or hydrological data were made among the gamma, lognormal, three-parameter kappa and Weibull distributions. The Weibull distribution is shown to be a reasonable alternative to the other three distributions.
Abstract
A two-dimensional numerical model is used to simulate nocturnal drainage flow in a small urban valley with light prevailing winds and conditions of supercritical Richardson numbers (Ri). The model uses a hydrostatic and Boussinesq system of equations written in terrain-following coordinates. Radiative transfer is represented by Brunt's method of radiative diffusivity. Eddy diffusivities are specified in the subgrid parameterization for conditions where Ri is supercritical. Tests show the dependence of drainage wind on slope angle, cooling rate, surface drag and prevailing wind speed, and also the insensitivity of wind and temperature to the eddy diffusivities under supercritical Ri conditions. The drainage wind cells are asymmetric, with a shallow surface layer of drainage flow and a thicker upper region of slower return flow. The predicted wind profiles show low-level maxima and the predicted temperature profiles are exponential in shape, in good agreement with observations obtained in Edmonton, Alberta in the summer of 1978. The model is also able to predict the quasi-stationary slope flow observed in the field.
Abstract
A two-dimensional numerical model is used to simulate nocturnal drainage flow in a small urban valley with light prevailing winds and conditions of supercritical Richardson numbers (Ri). The model uses a hydrostatic and Boussinesq system of equations written in terrain-following coordinates. Radiative transfer is represented by Brunt's method of radiative diffusivity. Eddy diffusivities are specified in the subgrid parameterization for conditions where Ri is supercritical. Tests show the dependence of drainage wind on slope angle, cooling rate, surface drag and prevailing wind speed, and also the insensitivity of wind and temperature to the eddy diffusivities under supercritical Ri conditions. The drainage wind cells are asymmetric, with a shallow surface layer of drainage flow and a thicker upper region of slower return flow. The predicted wind profiles show low-level maxima and the predicted temperature profiles are exponential in shape, in good agreement with observations obtained in Edmonton, Alberta in the summer of 1978. The model is also able to predict the quasi-stationary slope flow observed in the field.
Abstract
The use of a shifted gamma size distribution for hailstone samples is proposed. This is shown to provide a better fit than the usual exponential form, using time-resolved Alberta data. It is also concluded that there is a dependence of the shape of hailstone size distributions on the duration of sampling time. Such shape variations are associated with the sampling efficiency of the smaller size categories. The importance of the smaller sizes to the common hail integral estimates is also investigated. The minimum sizes required for sampling accuracy of these integral estimates are also obtained.
Abstract
The use of a shifted gamma size distribution for hailstone samples is proposed. This is shown to provide a better fit than the usual exponential form, using time-resolved Alberta data. It is also concluded that there is a dependence of the shape of hailstone size distributions on the duration of sampling time. Such shape variations are associated with the sampling efficiency of the smaller size categories. The importance of the smaller sizes to the common hail integral estimates is also investigated. The minimum sizes required for sampling accuracy of these integral estimates are also obtained.
