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1. Introduction Many studies have assessed the usability of climate change and climate information in adaptation planning and natural resource decision-making ( Archie et al. 2012 , 2014 ; Dilling et al. 2015 ; Ellenwood et al. 2012 ; Feldman and Ingram 2009 ; Kemp et al. 2015 ; Kirchhoff et al. 2013 ; Lemos et al. 2012 ; Theoharides et al. 2009 ). Although climate change information has become widely available, it is generally underutilized, and few adaptation efforts based on
1. Introduction Many studies have assessed the usability of climate change and climate information in adaptation planning and natural resource decision-making ( Archie et al. 2012 , 2014 ; Dilling et al. 2015 ; Ellenwood et al. 2012 ; Feldman and Ingram 2009 ; Kemp et al. 2015 ; Kirchhoff et al. 2013 ; Lemos et al. 2012 ; Theoharides et al. 2009 ). Although climate change information has become widely available, it is generally underutilized, and few adaptation efforts based on
require linking such innovation to a measure of expectations of future changes in the distribution of climate shocks. In contrast, there are already a number of studies that have explicitly tested whether past extreme weather events can induce technological adaptation (i.e., whether innovation may have been reactive). More precisely, based on panel data of 28 countries over a period of 25 years, Miao and Popp (2014) , in a first study addressing the issue, find that the occurrence of droughts and
require linking such innovation to a measure of expectations of future changes in the distribution of climate shocks. In contrast, there are already a number of studies that have explicitly tested whether past extreme weather events can induce technological adaptation (i.e., whether innovation may have been reactive). More precisely, based on panel data of 28 countries over a period of 25 years, Miao and Popp (2014) , in a first study addressing the issue, find that the occurrence of droughts and
. 2010 ; Betts 2011 ; USGCRP 2011a ; Blunden and Arndt 2013 ). Despite the diversity of indicator-focused studies, specific changes occurring within the inland northwest of the United States have not been synthesized, and no climate change assessment of indicators and data needs at an appropriate scale for Idaho end users currently exists. End users represent a broad range of natural resource professionals, including those working for federal and state agencies, nongovernmental organizations, and
. 2010 ; Betts 2011 ; USGCRP 2011a ; Blunden and Arndt 2013 ). Despite the diversity of indicator-focused studies, specific changes occurring within the inland northwest of the United States have not been synthesized, and no climate change assessment of indicators and data needs at an appropriate scale for Idaho end users currently exists. End users represent a broad range of natural resource professionals, including those working for federal and state agencies, nongovernmental organizations, and
of the referenced studies considers sub-Saharan Africa or even subsistence agriculture. This paper is an attempt to fill this gap. The aim of the present study is (i) to develop a methodology to assess the usefulness of seasonal forecasts in West Africa, by taking into account both climatic and economic evaluations, and (ii) to apply this methodology to state-of-the-art climate predictions that are or can be made routinely in the subcontinent. To be consistent with the existing categorical
of the referenced studies considers sub-Saharan Africa or even subsistence agriculture. This paper is an attempt to fill this gap. The aim of the present study is (i) to develop a methodology to assess the usefulness of seasonal forecasts in West Africa, by taking into account both climatic and economic evaluations, and (ii) to apply this methodology to state-of-the-art climate predictions that are or can be made routinely in the subcontinent. To be consistent with the existing categorical
. Assessments of the state of adaptation have found that adaptation is progressing, but not fast enough to prepare for the existing and projected impacts (e.g., Hansen et al. 2012 ; Bierbaum et al. 2014 ; Vogel et al. 2016 ). For example, a study by Moser et al. (2017) found that “communities across the US are experimenting with adaptation … aided by an ever-growing base of knowledge and a plethora of tools. Still, the field remains limited in scope and effectiveness … too many adaptation efforts are
. Assessments of the state of adaptation have found that adaptation is progressing, but not fast enough to prepare for the existing and projected impacts (e.g., Hansen et al. 2012 ; Bierbaum et al. 2014 ; Vogel et al. 2016 ). For example, a study by Moser et al. (2017) found that “communities across the US are experimenting with adaptation … aided by an ever-growing base of knowledge and a plethora of tools. Still, the field remains limited in scope and effectiveness … too many adaptation efforts are
( VARG 2006 , p. 33; Son et al. 2009 ; Fortier 2010 ) means that the same party–state hierarchies potentially control the entire food chain of reporting data, modeling climate change, formulating policies, and allocating resources. A strong natural science orientation, as opposed to a secondary and often administrative role granted to the soft sciences combined with restricted access to policy criticism, 7 further promotes a focus on mitigation of external threats at the expense of studying the
( VARG 2006 , p. 33; Son et al. 2009 ; Fortier 2010 ) means that the same party–state hierarchies potentially control the entire food chain of reporting data, modeling climate change, formulating policies, and allocating resources. A strong natural science orientation, as opposed to a secondary and often administrative role granted to the soft sciences combined with restricted access to policy criticism, 7 further promotes a focus on mitigation of external threats at the expense of studying the
when lightning struck an army fuel depot. About 15,000 tons of blazing fuel, resembling napalm, flooded the village of Durunka, a village of 10,000 people.” Conversely, Torres-Sanchez (2002) cited that 530 people were killed in Dronka, Egypt, when lightning struck a petroleum tank. A number of studies after the year 2000 cite a specific number, 469 dead, but give no reference for that value (e.g., Ash 2006 ; Evans 2008 ; Fagel 2011 ). A significant reason for the wide variation in death toll
when lightning struck an army fuel depot. About 15,000 tons of blazing fuel, resembling napalm, flooded the village of Durunka, a village of 10,000 people.” Conversely, Torres-Sanchez (2002) cited that 530 people were killed in Dronka, Egypt, when lightning struck a petroleum tank. A number of studies after the year 2000 cite a specific number, 469 dead, but give no reference for that value (e.g., Ash 2006 ; Evans 2008 ; Fagel 2011 ). A significant reason for the wide variation in death toll
), and the potential to integrate such traditional knowledge and Western science to enhance climate monitoring and modeling of impacts and build adaptive capacity is seen as significant ( Kelman et al. 2009 ; Nakashima et al. 2012 ). In the Pacific Islands, Lefale (2010) and Mondragón (2004 , 2015) have documented traditional seasonal calendars and the various bioclimatic indicators, including changes in plant and animal behavior, that influence the timing of subsistence activities and
), and the potential to integrate such traditional knowledge and Western science to enhance climate monitoring and modeling of impacts and build adaptive capacity is seen as significant ( Kelman et al. 2009 ; Nakashima et al. 2012 ). In the Pacific Islands, Lefale (2010) and Mondragón (2004 , 2015) have documented traditional seasonal calendars and the various bioclimatic indicators, including changes in plant and animal behavior, that influence the timing of subsistence activities and
. Institutional capacity, viewed as the “rules or habits” that create opportunities and barriers to action ( Nooteboom 2007 ), is embedded in each of the capital areas. Drought may be particularly transformative because addressing it requires rethinking practices related to crop viability, farming practices, irrigation techniques, animal health, and land-ownership patterns ( Maskrey 1989 ). This study included a range of drought impacts and a mix of coping responses implemented to address them. In the next
. Institutional capacity, viewed as the “rules or habits” that create opportunities and barriers to action ( Nooteboom 2007 ), is embedded in each of the capital areas. Drought may be particularly transformative because addressing it requires rethinking practices related to crop viability, farming practices, irrigation techniques, animal health, and land-ownership patterns ( Maskrey 1989 ). This study included a range of drought impacts and a mix of coping responses implemented to address them. In the next
” ( Steinberg 2001 , p. 105). Maritime history has enjoyed a recent expansion. Studies of maritime empires have explored scientific knowledge, trade, commodities, and human movement ( Cannadine 2007 ; Killingray et al. 2004 ). However, Marcus Rediker has recently warned about a continuing tendency to write maritime history with a terracentric bias, “a land-based set of assumptions about place” ( Rediker 2004 ). Indeed, historians have begun to emphasize the importance of the sea’s agency in the formation
” ( Steinberg 2001 , p. 105). Maritime history has enjoyed a recent expansion. Studies of maritime empires have explored scientific knowledge, trade, commodities, and human movement ( Cannadine 2007 ; Killingray et al. 2004 ). However, Marcus Rediker has recently warned about a continuing tendency to write maritime history with a terracentric bias, “a land-based set of assumptions about place” ( Rediker 2004 ). Indeed, historians have begun to emphasize the importance of the sea’s agency in the formation
