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Introduction In most environments where a seasonal snow cover is present, the radiation balance is the dominant energy source for snowmelt (e.g., Male and Granger 1981 ; Ohmura 1982 ; Aguado 1985 ). Unlike the snow cover in plains, alpine snow fields receive radiation not only from the sky, but also from reflection and emission of the surrounding topography. Hence, in complex alpine topography, the radiation balance at a snow surface may be written as NR = ( I s + D s + D t )(1 − α
Introduction In most environments where a seasonal snow cover is present, the radiation balance is the dominant energy source for snowmelt (e.g., Male and Granger 1981 ; Ohmura 1982 ; Aguado 1985 ). Unlike the snow cover in plains, alpine snow fields receive radiation not only from the sky, but also from reflection and emission of the surrounding topography. Hence, in complex alpine topography, the radiation balance at a snow surface may be written as NR = ( I s + D s + D t )(1 − α
1. Introduction Albedo plays an important role in land surface energy balance, and it is strongly affected by snow cover. When trees (with a relatively low surface albedo) are present, they can extend above the snowpack, “masking out” the relatively high albedo of snow under canopy. This would lead to warmer winter temperatures than if trees were not present (e.g., Bonan et al. 1992 ). The snow albedo feedback is one of the recognized positive feedbacks in the climate system (e.g., Qu and
1. Introduction Albedo plays an important role in land surface energy balance, and it is strongly affected by snow cover. When trees (with a relatively low surface albedo) are present, they can extend above the snowpack, “masking out” the relatively high albedo of snow under canopy. This would lead to warmer winter temperatures than if trees were not present (e.g., Bonan et al. 1992 ). The snow albedo feedback is one of the recognized positive feedbacks in the climate system (e.g., Qu and
16263OURNAL OF CLIMATE AND APPLIED METEOROLOGYVOLUME 23Albedo of a Dissipating Snow Cover'DAVID A. ROBINSON AND GEORGE KUKLALamoni-Doherly Geological Observatory, Columbia University, Pa!isades, NY 10964(Manuscript received 18 June 1984, in final form 29 September 1984)ABSTRACTAlbedos of surfaces covered with 50 cm of fresh dry snow following a major U.S. East Coast storm on11-12 February 1983 ranged from 0.20 over a mixed coniferous forest to 0.80 over open farmland. As thesnow cover
16263OURNAL OF CLIMATE AND APPLIED METEOROLOGYVOLUME 23Albedo of a Dissipating Snow Cover'DAVID A. ROBINSON AND GEORGE KUKLALamoni-Doherly Geological Observatory, Columbia University, Pa!isades, NY 10964(Manuscript received 18 June 1984, in final form 29 September 1984)ABSTRACTAlbedos of surfaces covered with 50 cm of fresh dry snow following a major U.S. East Coast storm on11-12 February 1983 ranged from 0.20 over a mixed coniferous forest to 0.80 over open farmland. As thesnow cover
460 JOURNAL OF CLIMATE AND APPLIED METEOROLOGY VOLUME22Snow Cover and Temperature Relationships in North America and Eurasia JAMES FOSTER, MANFRED OWE AND ALBERT RANGONASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Earth Survey Applications Division, Hydrological Sciences Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771(Manuscript received 28 June 1982, in final form 24 November 1982)ABSTRACT In this study the snow cover
460 JOURNAL OF CLIMATE AND APPLIED METEOROLOGY VOLUME22Snow Cover and Temperature Relationships in North America and Eurasia JAMES FOSTER, MANFRED OWE AND ALBERT RANGONASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Earth Survey Applications Division, Hydrological Sciences Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771(Manuscript received 28 June 1982, in final form 24 November 1982)ABSTRACT In this study the snow cover
1. Introduction The role of snow cover on lower tropospheric temperatures has taken on increased importance as regions of the interior of North America have witnessed decreased snow cover extent concurrent with increased atmospheric temperatures beginning in the late 1980s (e.g., Robinson et al. 1993 ; Groisman et al. 1994 ; Robinson and Frei 1997 ; Frei and Robinson 1999 ; Brown 2000 ; Dyer and Mote 2006 ). To understand to what extent increased atmospheric temperatures are a result of
1. Introduction The role of snow cover on lower tropospheric temperatures has taken on increased importance as regions of the interior of North America have witnessed decreased snow cover extent concurrent with increased atmospheric temperatures beginning in the late 1980s (e.g., Robinson et al. 1993 ; Groisman et al. 1994 ; Robinson and Frei 1997 ; Frei and Robinson 1999 ; Brown 2000 ; Dyer and Mote 2006 ). To understand to what extent increased atmospheric temperatures are a result of
Introduction With its high albedo, low thermal conductivity, and considerable spatial and temporal variability, seasonal snow cover overlying land plays a key role in governing the earth’s global radiation balance; this balance is the primary driver of the earth’s atmospheric circulation system and associated climate. Of the various features that influence the surface radiation balance, the location and duration of snow cover compose two of the most important seasonal variables. In the Northern
Introduction With its high albedo, low thermal conductivity, and considerable spatial and temporal variability, seasonal snow cover overlying land plays a key role in governing the earth’s global radiation balance; this balance is the primary driver of the earth’s atmospheric circulation system and associated climate. Of the various features that influence the surface radiation balance, the location and duration of snow cover compose two of the most important seasonal variables. In the Northern
MARCH 1992 BAKER ET AL. 247Air Temperature and Radiation Depressions Associated with a Snow Cover DONALD G. BAKER AND DAVID L. RUSCHYSoil Science Department, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota RICHARD H. SKAGGSGeography Department, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota DAVID B. WALLSoil Science Department, University of Minnesota, St
MARCH 1992 BAKER ET AL. 247Air Temperature and Radiation Depressions Associated with a Snow Cover DONALD G. BAKER AND DAVID L. RUSCHYSoil Science Department, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota RICHARD H. SKAGGSGeography Department, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota DAVID B. WALLSoil Science Department, University of Minnesota, St
JANUARY 1987 JOHN SCIALDONE AND ALAN ROBOCK 53Comparison of Northern Hemisphere Snow Cover Data Sets JOHN SCIALDONE AND ALAN ROBOCKCooperative Institute for Climate Studies, Department of Meteorology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742(Manuscript received 18 March 1986, in final form 9 July 1986)ABSTRACT Four Northern Hemisphere snow cover data sets are compared on a weekly basis for the 25-month
JANUARY 1987 JOHN SCIALDONE AND ALAN ROBOCK 53Comparison of Northern Hemisphere Snow Cover Data Sets JOHN SCIALDONE AND ALAN ROBOCKCooperative Institute for Climate Studies, Department of Meteorology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742(Manuscript received 18 March 1986, in final form 9 July 1986)ABSTRACT Four Northern Hemisphere snow cover data sets are compared on a weekly basis for the 25-month
1322 JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY -OLUME31The Snowmelt and Heat Balance in Snow-covered Forested Areas TAKESHI YAMAZAKI AND JUNSEI KONDOGeophysical Institute, Tohoku University, Sendal, Japan(Manuscript received 27 December 1991, in final form 16 April 1992)ABSTRACT The snowmelt and heat balance in snow-covc~d forested areas have been studied with the use of a canopymodel. It was found that, in general
1322 JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY -OLUME31The Snowmelt and Heat Balance in Snow-covered Forested Areas TAKESHI YAMAZAKI AND JUNSEI KONDOGeophysical Institute, Tohoku University, Sendal, Japan(Manuscript received 27 December 1991, in final form 16 April 1992)ABSTRACT The snowmelt and heat balance in snow-covc~d forested areas have been studied with the use of a canopymodel. It was found that, in general
1210 .JOURNAL OF CLIMATE AND APPLIED METEOROLOGY VOLUME26Satellite-Derived Maps of Snow Cover Frequency for the Northern Hemisphere KENNETH F. DEWEYClimatology/Meteorology Program, Department of Geography, University of Nebrasi~a, Lincoln, NE 68588Manuscript received 30 October 1986, in final form 20 March 1987)ABSTRACT A satellite imagery-based Northern Hemisphere snow cover data archive was mapped for
1210 .JOURNAL OF CLIMATE AND APPLIED METEOROLOGY VOLUME26Satellite-Derived Maps of Snow Cover Frequency for the Northern Hemisphere KENNETH F. DEWEYClimatology/Meteorology Program, Department of Geography, University of Nebrasi~a, Lincoln, NE 68588Manuscript received 30 October 1986, in final form 20 March 1987)ABSTRACT A satellite imagery-based Northern Hemisphere snow cover data archive was mapped for
