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–urban migration, inadequate finance, low technology, extreme climatic events, and variability are some of the factors that influence agricultural productivity in many developing countries, and these factors often cause low yield in crop production ( FAO 1996 ). In Africa, and particularly in Nigeria, where climate and weather are important factors of crop and animal production, the effect of extreme weather or climate can be significant. This is so important because agriculture is an important sector in many
–urban migration, inadequate finance, low technology, extreme climatic events, and variability are some of the factors that influence agricultural productivity in many developing countries, and these factors often cause low yield in crop production ( FAO 1996 ). In Africa, and particularly in Nigeria, where climate and weather are important factors of crop and animal production, the effect of extreme weather or climate can be significant. This is so important because agriculture is an important sector in many
animals and birds in the study areas. Locals of the mountain region (Taplejung) observed that the population of two birds, namely, Himalayan bulbul ( Pycnonotus leucogenys ) and house sparrow ( Passer domesticus ), has increased in recent years and showed massive invasion to agriculture crops such as barley ( Hordium vulgare ), mustard ( Brassica juncea ), and wheat ( Triticum aestivum ). Because of the severe crop damage resulting from the population explosion of the birds, many farmers abandoned
animals and birds in the study areas. Locals of the mountain region (Taplejung) observed that the population of two birds, namely, Himalayan bulbul ( Pycnonotus leucogenys ) and house sparrow ( Passer domesticus ), has increased in recent years and showed massive invasion to agriculture crops such as barley ( Hordium vulgare ), mustard ( Brassica juncea ), and wheat ( Triticum aestivum ). Because of the severe crop damage resulting from the population explosion of the birds, many farmers abandoned
also confirm that the northern, northwestern, northeastern, and western regions are at moderate risk. The results also indicate the extreme migration of the residents of the villages of the study area to urban regions, which can be due to the decrease in farming activities and animal husbandry, decrease in income, and lack of job opportunities due to frequent droughts. Accordingly, the population in the eastern and southern parts of the province is more exposed to drought. The continuation of this
also confirm that the northern, northwestern, northeastern, and western regions are at moderate risk. The results also indicate the extreme migration of the residents of the villages of the study area to urban regions, which can be due to the decrease in farming activities and animal husbandry, decrease in income, and lack of job opportunities due to frequent droughts. Accordingly, the population in the eastern and southern parts of the province is more exposed to drought. The continuation of this
increase rates of evaporation, leading to increased crop water requirements and reduced water availability. Thus, these changes could contribute to reduced agricultural productivity and threaten food security in the area. Temperature increases, as noted by farmers and also verified in this study, call for development of crop varieties and animal breeds that are heat stress tolerant. There is much agreement between farmers’ perception and historical climate data regarding an increase in temperature
increase rates of evaporation, leading to increased crop water requirements and reduced water availability. Thus, these changes could contribute to reduced agricultural productivity and threaten food security in the area. Temperature increases, as noted by farmers and also verified in this study, call for development of crop varieties and animal breeds that are heat stress tolerant. There is much agreement between farmers’ perception and historical climate data regarding an increase in temperature
designed to address it, including adaptation and mitigation, are often controversial and even polarizing within and between different societies or groups within a society. CTR demonstrates that divisions over the cause and solutions for climate change are much more complex and nuanced than, for example, liberal Democrat versus conservative Republican politics ( Jones 2011 ). In the following section, we offer examples from our own case study analyses to demonstrate how the explanatory insight offered
designed to address it, including adaptation and mitigation, are often controversial and even polarizing within and between different societies or groups within a society. CTR demonstrates that divisions over the cause and solutions for climate change are much more complex and nuanced than, for example, liberal Democrat versus conservative Republican politics ( Jones 2011 ). In the following section, we offer examples from our own case study analyses to demonstrate how the explanatory insight offered
2015 ). However, a more general use of event attribution science will present a number of challenges. Hulme et al. (2011) and Hulme (2014) suggest that the attribution of extreme weather events could be counterproductive by emphasizing the uncertainty and possibly subjective outcomes of these studies, and also that there can be a discrepancy between the (meteorological) hazard (which is being attributed) and the (real) risk of the event, including vulnerability and exposure. The latter point
2015 ). However, a more general use of event attribution science will present a number of challenges. Hulme et al. (2011) and Hulme (2014) suggest that the attribution of extreme weather events could be counterproductive by emphasizing the uncertainty and possibly subjective outcomes of these studies, and also that there can be a discrepancy between the (meteorological) hazard (which is being attributed) and the (real) risk of the event, including vulnerability and exposure. The latter point
China), villagers have been risking their lives to search for CF and other traditional medicine ingredients for decades or centuries due to the high monetary reward they bring. Not only can they encounter severe weather, such as lightning, heavy rain or snow, hail, and strong winds, but also wild animals such as bears and wolves. Caterpillar fungus, or Ophiocordyceps sinensis (冬虫夏草 in simplified Chinese, དབྱར་རྩྭ་དགུན་འབུ in Tibetan, or yarsagumba in Nepali), literally means winter worm summer
China), villagers have been risking their lives to search for CF and other traditional medicine ingredients for decades or centuries due to the high monetary reward they bring. Not only can they encounter severe weather, such as lightning, heavy rain or snow, hail, and strong winds, but also wild animals such as bears and wolves. Caterpillar fungus, or Ophiocordyceps sinensis (冬虫夏草 in simplified Chinese, དབྱར་རྩྭ་དགུན་འབུ in Tibetan, or yarsagumba in Nepali), literally means winter worm summer
ecosystems modified by humankind to produce goods or raw materials ( Zuluaga et al. 2011 ) or provide a specific provisioning service (food, fuel, and fiber) ( Zabala et al. 2021 ). Agroecosystems have an integral function: they must not only produce goods (crops, animals, eggs, milk, and fibers) but also provide habitat services for humans and animals, ecological functions (nutrient cycling, biotic regulation, carbon capture, erosion control, and detoxification of the environment), landscape maintenance
ecosystems modified by humankind to produce goods or raw materials ( Zuluaga et al. 2011 ) or provide a specific provisioning service (food, fuel, and fiber) ( Zabala et al. 2021 ). Agroecosystems have an integral function: they must not only produce goods (crops, animals, eggs, milk, and fibers) but also provide habitat services for humans and animals, ecological functions (nutrient cycling, biotic regulation, carbon capture, erosion control, and detoxification of the environment), landscape maintenance
varied markedly across crops, as shown in Table 2 . The average age of the subjects in this study was 61, with an average of 26.9 years of farming experience, despite people aged 65 and older accounting for just 18.3% of Taiwan’s total agricultural workforce. The average age of our subjects could have been so high because young farmers faced greater work demands than their older counterparts. Part-time farming is common in Taiwan. According to the Agriculture, Forestry, Fishery, and Animal Husbandry
varied markedly across crops, as shown in Table 2 . The average age of the subjects in this study was 61, with an average of 26.9 years of farming experience, despite people aged 65 and older accounting for just 18.3% of Taiwan’s total agricultural workforce. The average age of our subjects could have been so high because young farmers faced greater work demands than their older counterparts. Part-time farming is common in Taiwan. According to the Agriculture, Forestry, Fishery, and Animal Husbandry
, perceived climate risks to be greater, and engaged more in mitigation behaviors ( Reser et al. 2012 ). In turn, it is also important to understand how individuals form these perceptions of local or personal climate change impacts. Previous studies suggest that perceived personal experience with the effects of climate change may reflect actual local long-term weather and climate trends ( Hamilton and Keim 2009 ; Shao 2016 ), as well as recent conditions ( Zaval et al. 2014 ; Joireman et al. 2010
, perceived climate risks to be greater, and engaged more in mitigation behaviors ( Reser et al. 2012 ). In turn, it is also important to understand how individuals form these perceptions of local or personal climate change impacts. Previous studies suggest that perceived personal experience with the effects of climate change may reflect actual local long-term weather and climate trends ( Hamilton and Keim 2009 ; Shao 2016 ), as well as recent conditions ( Zaval et al. 2014 ; Joireman et al. 2010
