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contributions during the 2022 North American Monsoon Chapter 5: The Arctic – Datasets and Sources Section 5b Surface Air Temperature Section 5c Precipitation Section 5d Sea Surface Temperature Section 5e Sea Ice Section 5f Greenland Ice Sheet Section 5g Terrestrial Snow Cover Section 5h Arctic river discharge Section 5i Permafrost Section 5j Tundra Greenness Section 5k Ozone and UV Radiation Chapter 6: Antarctica
contributions during the 2022 North American Monsoon Chapter 5: The Arctic – Datasets and Sources Section 5b Surface Air Temperature Section 5c Precipitation Section 5d Sea Surface Temperature Section 5e Sea Ice Section 5f Greenland Ice Sheet Section 5g Terrestrial Snow Cover Section 5h Arctic river discharge Section 5i Permafrost Section 5j Tundra Greenness Section 5k Ozone and UV Radiation Chapter 6: Antarctica
fluxes using mobile eddy correlation towers. Bound.-Layer Meteor , 85 , 293 – 307 . Eugster , W. , and Coauthors, . . 2000 : Land–atmosphere energy exchange in Arctic tundra and boreal forest: Available data and feedbacks to climate. Global Change Biol , 6 , . (Suppl. I), . 85 – 115 . Fitzjarrald , D. R. , and K. E. Moore , 1992 : Turbulent transport over tundra. J. Geophys. Res , 97 , . (D15), . 16717 – 16729 . Fitzjarrald , D. R. , and K. E. Moore , 1994 : Growing
fluxes using mobile eddy correlation towers. Bound.-Layer Meteor , 85 , 293 – 307 . Eugster , W. , and Coauthors, . . 2000 : Land–atmosphere energy exchange in Arctic tundra and boreal forest: Available data and feedbacks to climate. Global Change Biol , 6 , . (Suppl. I), . 85 – 115 . Fitzjarrald , D. R. , and K. E. Moore , 1992 : Turbulent transport over tundra. J. Geophys. Res , 97 , . (D15), . 16717 – 16729 . Fitzjarrald , D. R. , and K. E. Moore , 1994 : Growing
Sidebar 5.1: Extreme weather and climate events in 2022 S285 d. Sea-surface temperature S287 e. Sea ice S290    1. Sea-ice extent S290    2. Sea-ice age, thickness, and volume S291 f. Greenland Ice Sheet S293 g. Terrestrial snow cover S296 h. Arctic river discharge S299 i. Permafrost S301    1. Permafrost temperatures S302    2. Active layer thickness S304 j. Tundra greenness S305 k. Ozone and UV radiation
Sidebar 5.1: Extreme weather and climate events in 2022 S285 d. Sea-surface temperature S287 e. Sea ice S290    1. Sea-ice extent S290    2. Sea-ice age, thickness, and volume S291 f. Greenland Ice Sheet S293 g. Terrestrial snow cover S296 h. Arctic river discharge S299 i. Permafrost S301    1. Permafrost temperatures S302    2. Active layer thickness S304 j. Tundra greenness S305 k. Ozone and UV radiation
introduction into the atmosphere ( Zimov et al. 2006 ). Furthermore, studies are finding evidence for changes in Arctic flora, including increased shrub growth for some tundra surfaces and browning of others, increased vegetative shading of snow cover, lengthening growing seasons, increased burn coverage, and expansion of boreal forests, which currently cover about 17% of global land area, into adjacent tundra ( Chapin et al. 2000 , 2005 ; McGuire et al. 2003 ; Juday et al. 2005 ; Lloyd and Bunn 2007
introduction into the atmosphere ( Zimov et al. 2006 ). Furthermore, studies are finding evidence for changes in Arctic flora, including increased shrub growth for some tundra surfaces and browning of others, increased vegetative shading of snow cover, lengthening growing seasons, increased burn coverage, and expansion of boreal forests, which currently cover about 17% of global land area, into adjacent tundra ( Chapin et al. 2000 , 2005 ; McGuire et al. 2003 ; Juday et al. 2005 ; Lloyd and Bunn 2007
. , and Coauthors , 2013 : Recent declines in warming and vegetation greening trends over pan-Arctic tundra. Remote Sens., 5, 4229–4254 , doi: 10.3390/rs5094229 . Doblas-Reyes , F. J. , J. Garcia-Serrano , F. Lienert , A. Pinto-Biescas , and L. R. L. Rodrigues , 2013 : Seasonal climate predictability and forecasting: Status and prospects . Wiley Interdiscip. Rev.: Climate Change , 4 , 245 – 268 , doi: 10.1002/wcc.217 . Fang , Z. , and J. M. Wallace , 1994 : Arctic sea
. , and Coauthors , 2013 : Recent declines in warming and vegetation greening trends over pan-Arctic tundra. Remote Sens., 5, 4229–4254 , doi: 10.3390/rs5094229 . Doblas-Reyes , F. J. , J. Garcia-Serrano , F. Lienert , A. Pinto-Biescas , and L. R. L. Rodrigues , 2013 : Seasonal climate predictability and forecasting: Status and prospects . Wiley Interdiscip. Rev.: Climate Change , 4 , 245 – 268 , doi: 10.1002/wcc.217 . Fang , Z. , and J. M. Wallace , 1994 : Arctic sea
tundra Ungava-Ba~nland tundra mountain mountainGold and Williams 1957 depth Arctic tundra
tundra Ungava-Ba~nland tundra mountain mountainGold and Williams 1957 depth Arctic tundra
period on the flight deck of the ice breaker Des Groseilliers , which provided a stable platform and where technical support personnel was readily available, the two North Slope facilities presented greater challenges. These facilities had to be located close to, but with limited impact from, two local communities. The North Slope land areas consist mostly of tundra, the top of the Arctic permafrost. In the short summer months, the top layer of the permafrost melts, leaving the ground soggy and wet
period on the flight deck of the ice breaker Des Groseilliers , which provided a stable platform and where technical support personnel was readily available, the two North Slope facilities presented greater challenges. These facilities had to be located close to, but with limited impact from, two local communities. The North Slope land areas consist mostly of tundra, the top of the Arctic permafrost. In the short summer months, the top layer of the permafrost melts, leaving the ground soggy and wet
. , 2000 : Interannual variability in the net CO 2 exchange in a subarctic fen. Global Biogeochem. Cycles , 14 , 1109 – 1121 . 10.1029/1999GB001243 Halliwell, D. H. , and Rouse W. R. , 1987 : Soil heat flux in permafrost: Characteristics and accuracy of measurement. J. Climatol. , 7 , 571 – 584 . 10.1002/joc.3370070605 Marsh, P. , Pomeroy J. W. , and Neumann N. , 1997 : Sensible heat flux and local advection over a heterogenous landscape at an arctic tundra site during snowmelt
. , 2000 : Interannual variability in the net CO 2 exchange in a subarctic fen. Global Biogeochem. Cycles , 14 , 1109 – 1121 . 10.1029/1999GB001243 Halliwell, D. H. , and Rouse W. R. , 1987 : Soil heat flux in permafrost: Characteristics and accuracy of measurement. J. Climatol. , 7 , 571 – 584 . 10.1002/joc.3370070605 Marsh, P. , Pomeroy J. W. , and Neumann N. , 1997 : Sensible heat flux and local advection over a heterogenous landscape at an arctic tundra site during snowmelt
region during the last two decades of the twentieth century. The boundaries of the western Arctic in this study completely encompass the drainage basin of the Yukon River, and the region includes most of Alaska and adjacent areas in northwestern Canada. The region includes two long-term ecological research (LTER) sites: one that is focused on tundra ecosystems (Toolik Lake LTER; Hobbie et al. 1994 ) and another that is focused on boreal forest ecosystems (Bonanza Creek LTER; Chapin et al. 2006
region during the last two decades of the twentieth century. The boundaries of the western Arctic in this study completely encompass the drainage basin of the Yukon River, and the region includes most of Alaska and adjacent areas in northwestern Canada. The region includes two long-term ecological research (LTER) sites: one that is focused on tundra ecosystems (Toolik Lake LTER; Hobbie et al. 1994 ) and another that is focused on boreal forest ecosystems (Bonanza Creek LTER; Chapin et al. 2006
Wrangell Mountains, Alaska. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Michigan, 314 pp.Terjung, W., 1969: Energy and moisture balance of an alpine tundra in mid-July. Arctic Alpin~ Res., 1~ 247-266.Weller, G., et al., 1972: The tundra microclimate during snow melt at Barrow, Alaska. Arctic, 25, 291-300.Williams, L. D., R. G. Barry and J. T. Andrews, 1972: Applica tion of computed global radiation for areas of high relief. J. Appl. Meteor., 11, 526-533.
Wrangell Mountains, Alaska. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Michigan, 314 pp.Terjung, W., 1969: Energy and moisture balance of an alpine tundra in mid-July. Arctic Alpin~ Res., 1~ 247-266.Weller, G., et al., 1972: The tundra microclimate during snow melt at Barrow, Alaska. Arctic, 25, 291-300.Williams, L. D., R. G. Barry and J. T. Andrews, 1972: Applica tion of computed global radiation for areas of high relief. J. Appl. Meteor., 11, 526-533.
