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, “studies find that a significant proportion of potential users do not use meteorological services in decision-making (p. 40).” This article uses data from a survey of Arizona farmers and ranchers to examine the initial discrete choice of weather data use. In it, we (i) introduce a discrete choice framework, illustrating the relationship between information valuation and use; (ii) discuss the survey instrument and weather use data; (iii) present the econometric specifications and explanatory variables
, “studies find that a significant proportion of potential users do not use meteorological services in decision-making (p. 40).” This article uses data from a survey of Arizona farmers and ranchers to examine the initial discrete choice of weather data use. In it, we (i) introduce a discrete choice framework, illustrating the relationship between information valuation and use; (ii) discuss the survey instrument and weather use data; (iii) present the econometric specifications and explanatory variables
1. Introduction Droughts have a large economic impact and can affect ecological and social processes due to the disruption of normal water availability. Between the years 1980–2022, an average of $7 billion was lost to drought each year through direct (crop or animal loss) or indirect impacts (increase in price of goods; NCEI 2022 ; Smith and Katz 2013 ; Smith and Matthews 2015 ). Droughts lack discrete boundaries and are difficult to define. Conventional drought is thought of as a
1. Introduction Droughts have a large economic impact and can affect ecological and social processes due to the disruption of normal water availability. Between the years 1980–2022, an average of $7 billion was lost to drought each year through direct (crop or animal loss) or indirect impacts (increase in price of goods; NCEI 2022 ; Smith and Katz 2013 ; Smith and Matthews 2015 ). Droughts lack discrete boundaries and are difficult to define. Conventional drought is thought of as a
documented in the region. Approximately 52.0% (703 000) of all cholera cases occurred in Peru ( PAHO 2008 ). While previous studies have shown that the diffusion of cholera in Peru was due to poor water and sanitation system capacities ( PAHO 1991 ; MINSA 1994 , p. 44; Tauxe et al. 1995 ; Seas and Gotuzzo 1996 ), the cause of the initial outbreak is still unknown. The source of emergence was initially attributed to infected persons or contaminated waste water dispelled from a cargo ship ( Gangarosa
documented in the region. Approximately 52.0% (703 000) of all cholera cases occurred in Peru ( PAHO 2008 ). While previous studies have shown that the diffusion of cholera in Peru was due to poor water and sanitation system capacities ( PAHO 1991 ; MINSA 1994 , p. 44; Tauxe et al. 1995 ; Seas and Gotuzzo 1996 ), the cause of the initial outbreak is still unknown. The source of emergence was initially attributed to infected persons or contaminated waste water dispelled from a cargo ship ( Gangarosa
, assimilation time (time required to make decision), and time to inform (time required to finish the informing process within a hypothetical community). The results showed that informing in person has considerable influence on the overall outcome. These aforementioned studies collectively shed lights on the critical components of warning diffusion process and reveal the extent to which they affect the final efficacy. Most of them focused on the theoretical exploration and development in a hypothetical
, assimilation time (time required to make decision), and time to inform (time required to finish the informing process within a hypothetical community). The results showed that informing in person has considerable influence on the overall outcome. These aforementioned studies collectively shed lights on the critical components of warning diffusion process and reveal the extent to which they affect the final efficacy. Most of them focused on the theoretical exploration and development in a hypothetical
disaster scholars fail to study them as frequently as other, more highly visible, disasters. However, in the United States, more people die in heat waves than in all other high-impact weather events ( NWS 2022 ). Advances in measurement and prediction of extreme heat, the use of geospatial methods, and analytical tools allow researchers and practitioners to identify the characteristics of heat-related vulnerabilities within urban environments ( Wilhelmi and Hayden 2016 ). Researchers have found that
disaster scholars fail to study them as frequently as other, more highly visible, disasters. However, in the United States, more people die in heat waves than in all other high-impact weather events ( NWS 2022 ). Advances in measurement and prediction of extreme heat, the use of geospatial methods, and analytical tools allow researchers and practitioners to identify the characteristics of heat-related vulnerabilities within urban environments ( Wilhelmi and Hayden 2016 ). Researchers have found that
direction and strength, tidal cycle, cloud formations, floe edge location, snowfall (especially in fall, on newly formed thin sea ice), blowing snow, animal behavior, areas with strong currents, direction and speed of moving ice, timing of river or sea ice breakup, visibility, wave height, among others ( George et al. 2004 ; Krupnik et al. 2010 ; Laidler et al. 2011 ; Gearheard et al. 2013 ). Inuit made decisions using their own personal knowledge and experience, as well as discussing observations
direction and strength, tidal cycle, cloud formations, floe edge location, snowfall (especially in fall, on newly formed thin sea ice), blowing snow, animal behavior, areas with strong currents, direction and speed of moving ice, timing of river or sea ice breakup, visibility, wave height, among others ( George et al. 2004 ; Krupnik et al. 2010 ; Laidler et al. 2011 ; Gearheard et al. 2013 ). Inuit made decisions using their own personal knowledge and experience, as well as discussing observations
be considered ( Prokopy et al. 2013 ). Within land-grant universities, researchers are conducting studies and compiling information on climate change, but Extension has not yet comprehensively translated that information into relevant and meaningful programming ( Prokopy et al. 2015b ). Given the disconnect that often exists between research faculty and Extension personnel ( Radhakrishna et al. 2014 ), the difficulty in transforming climate knowledge into programming should not come as a surprise
be considered ( Prokopy et al. 2013 ). Within land-grant universities, researchers are conducting studies and compiling information on climate change, but Extension has not yet comprehensively translated that information into relevant and meaningful programming ( Prokopy et al. 2015b ). Given the disconnect that often exists between research faculty and Extension personnel ( Radhakrishna et al. 2014 ), the difficulty in transforming climate knowledge into programming should not come as a surprise
), traditional ecological knowledge (TEK), local knowledge (LK), and traditional knowledge (TK; Becken et al. 2013 ; Huntington et al. 2004 ; Parsons et al. 2016 ). The lack of clear consensus about terminology is partly reflective of different academic traditions (such as among anthropology, ecology, and indigenous studies) and also geographical and sociopolitical differences between what types of indigenous communities are being examined. For instance, the terms IK or TEK are more frequently used in
), traditional ecological knowledge (TEK), local knowledge (LK), and traditional knowledge (TK; Becken et al. 2013 ; Huntington et al. 2004 ; Parsons et al. 2016 ). The lack of clear consensus about terminology is partly reflective of different academic traditions (such as among anthropology, ecology, and indigenous studies) and also geographical and sociopolitical differences between what types of indigenous communities are being examined. For instance, the terms IK or TEK are more frequently used in
. The scenarios were designed to be plausible; their risk has not been specified because models have not accurately predicted the frequency of recent extreme precipitation events [ Global Food Security (2015) , after Min et al. (2011) ]. 2 b. Farmers’ adaptations and resilience to extreme weather With significant impacts on agriculture, adapting to extreme weather by farmers is critical. A study in New Zealand ( White et al. 2009 ) looked at the responses by farmers to adverse weather events
. The scenarios were designed to be plausible; their risk has not been specified because models have not accurately predicted the frequency of recent extreme precipitation events [ Global Food Security (2015) , after Min et al. (2011) ]. 2 b. Farmers’ adaptations and resilience to extreme weather With significant impacts on agriculture, adapting to extreme weather by farmers is critical. A study in New Zealand ( White et al. 2009 ) looked at the responses by farmers to adverse weather events
participatory and multidisciplinary study of climate change impacts, vulnerabilities, and adaptation for two African American communities on the eastern shoreline of the Chesapeake Bay. The Eastern Shore of the Chesapeake Bay is particularly prone to the impacts of accelerated sea level rise because of its low topography, hundreds of miles of coastline, and growing population ( Cole 2008 ). Given the low-lying topography and extensive shoreline of the Eastern Shore, most residents are not too far from
participatory and multidisciplinary study of climate change impacts, vulnerabilities, and adaptation for two African American communities on the eastern shoreline of the Chesapeake Bay. The Eastern Shore of the Chesapeake Bay is particularly prone to the impacts of accelerated sea level rise because of its low topography, hundreds of miles of coastline, and growing population ( Cole 2008 ). Given the low-lying topography and extensive shoreline of the Eastern Shore, most residents are not too far from
