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anomalies . Arctic Sea Ice Decline: Observations, Projections, Mechanisms, and Implications, Geophys. Monogr., Vol. 180, Amer. Geophys. Union, 91–110 . Bhatt , U. S. , and Coauthors , 2010 : Circumpolar Arctic tundra vegetation change is linked to sea-ice decline . Earth Interactions , 14 . [Available online at http://EarthInteractions.org .] Bitz , C. M. , and G. H. Roe , 2004 : A mechanism for the high rate of sea-ice thinning in the Arctic Ocean . J. Climate , 17 , 3622 – 3631
anomalies . Arctic Sea Ice Decline: Observations, Projections, Mechanisms, and Implications, Geophys. Monogr., Vol. 180, Amer. Geophys. Union, 91–110 . Bhatt , U. S. , and Coauthors , 2010 : Circumpolar Arctic tundra vegetation change is linked to sea-ice decline . Earth Interactions , 14 . [Available online at http://EarthInteractions.org .] Bitz , C. M. , and G. H. Roe , 2004 : A mechanism for the high rate of sea-ice thinning in the Arctic Ocean . J. Climate , 17 , 3622 – 3631
regions . J. Geophys. Res. , 93 ( D8 ), 9510 – 9524 . Oechel , W. , S. Hastings , G. Courlitis , M. Jenkins , G. Riechers , and N. Grulke , 1993 : Recent changes in Arctic tundra ecosystems from a new carbon sink to a source . Nature , 361 , 520 – 523 . Onogi , K. , and Coauthors , 2007 : The JRA-25 Reanalysis . J. Meteor. Soc. Japan , 85 , 369 – 432 . Porter , D. , J. Cassano , M. Serreze , and D. Kindig , 2010 : New estimates of the large-scale Arctic
regions . J. Geophys. Res. , 93 ( D8 ), 9510 – 9524 . Oechel , W. , S. Hastings , G. Courlitis , M. Jenkins , G. Riechers , and N. Grulke , 1993 : Recent changes in Arctic tundra ecosystems from a new carbon sink to a source . Nature , 361 , 520 – 523 . Onogi , K. , and Coauthors , 2007 : The JRA-25 Reanalysis . J. Meteor. Soc. Japan , 85 , 369 – 432 . Porter , D. , J. Cassano , M. Serreze , and D. Kindig , 2010 : New estimates of the large-scale Arctic
, 2009 : The effect of permafrost thaw on old carbon release and net carbon exchange from tundra . Nature , 459 , 556 – 559 , doi:10.1038/nature08031 . Smith , L. C. , Y. Sheng , G. M. MacDonald , and L. D. Hinzman , 2005 : Disappearing Arctic lakes . Science , 308 , 1429 . Tape , K. , M. Sturm , and C. Racine , 2006 : The evidence for shrub expansion in Northern Alaska and the pan-Arctic . Global Change Biol. , 12 , 686 – 702 . Thibault , S. , and S. Payette
, 2009 : The effect of permafrost thaw on old carbon release and net carbon exchange from tundra . Nature , 459 , 556 – 559 , doi:10.1038/nature08031 . Smith , L. C. , Y. Sheng , G. M. MacDonald , and L. D. Hinzman , 2005 : Disappearing Arctic lakes . Science , 308 , 1429 . Tape , K. , M. Sturm , and C. Racine , 2006 : The evidence for shrub expansion in Northern Alaska and the pan-Arctic . Global Change Biol. , 12 , 686 – 702 . Thibault , S. , and S. Payette
present-day insolation to the insolation of 115 000 years ago (115 kya). Section 3 then analyzes in detail the Arctic heat budget with its multitude of positive and negative feedbacks, and section 4 analyzes the reorganization of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC). Section 5 concludes the study with a summary and implications for future model development. The two main goals of the present work are to demonstrate that the 115-kya orbital changes produce a realistic increase in
present-day insolation to the insolation of 115 000 years ago (115 kya). Section 3 then analyzes in detail the Arctic heat budget with its multitude of positive and negative feedbacks, and section 4 analyzes the reorganization of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC). Section 5 concludes the study with a summary and implications for future model development. The two main goals of the present work are to demonstrate that the 115-kya orbital changes produce a realistic increase in
location in the Southern Hemisphere), (c) arctic tundra and wetland sites, (d) boreal forest sites, (e) tropical rain forest sites, and (f) semiarid sites (Maun is excluded because of its location in the Southern Hemisphere) of, from top to bottom, 2-m temperature minus the observed daily mean, sensible heat flux, latent heat flux, 10-m wind minus the observed daily mean, friction velocity, and the net surface radiation (for which the top of the panel shows observations and bottom of the panel shows
location in the Southern Hemisphere), (c) arctic tundra and wetland sites, (d) boreal forest sites, (e) tropical rain forest sites, and (f) semiarid sites (Maun is excluded because of its location in the Southern Hemisphere) of, from top to bottom, 2-m temperature minus the observed daily mean, sensible heat flux, latent heat flux, 10-m wind minus the observed daily mean, friction velocity, and the net surface radiation (for which the top of the panel shows observations and bottom of the panel shows
Levis 2006 ) and CLM3.5DGVM (Fig. 13 in Oleson et al. 2008 ). Validation against an observational dataset is performed using the MODIS-derived distribution prescribed in the CLM4SP and CLM4CN [ Fig. 3 ; also refer to Figs. 2 and 3 in Lawrence and Chase (2007) ]. Lawrence and Chase document how they generated the MODIS-based percentage PFT coverage. Satellite PFT data do not reliably distinguish understory PFTs, such as grasses and shrubs in tundra, steppe, savanna, grassland, and agricultural
Levis 2006 ) and CLM3.5DGVM (Fig. 13 in Oleson et al. 2008 ). Validation against an observational dataset is performed using the MODIS-derived distribution prescribed in the CLM4SP and CLM4CN [ Fig. 3 ; also refer to Figs. 2 and 3 in Lawrence and Chase (2007) ]. Lawrence and Chase document how they generated the MODIS-based percentage PFT coverage. Satellite PFT data do not reliably distinguish understory PFTs, such as grasses and shrubs in tundra, steppe, savanna, grassland, and agricultural
