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. , McFadden J. P. , Liston G. E. , Chapin F. S. III , and Racine C. H. , 2001 : Snow–shrub interactions in arctic tundra: A hypothesis with climatic implications. J. Climate , 14 , 336 – 344 . 10.1175/1520-0442(2001)014<0336:SSIIAT>2.0.CO;2 Webster, R. , and Oliver M. , 2001 : Geostatistics for Environmental Scientists. Statistics in Practice . John Wiley and Sons, 271 pp . Wehr, A. , and Lohr U. , 1999 : Airborne laser scanning–An introduction and overview. J. Photogramm
. , McFadden J. P. , Liston G. E. , Chapin F. S. III , and Racine C. H. , 2001 : Snow–shrub interactions in arctic tundra: A hypothesis with climatic implications. J. Climate , 14 , 336 – 344 . 10.1175/1520-0442(2001)014<0336:SSIIAT>2.0.CO;2 Webster, R. , and Oliver M. , 2001 : Geostatistics for Environmental Scientists. Statistics in Practice . John Wiley and Sons, 271 pp . Wehr, A. , and Lohr U. , 1999 : Airborne laser scanning–An introduction and overview. J. Photogramm
distributed and aggregated simulations for an arctic tundra basin. J. Hydrometeor. , 5 , 735 – 744 . 10.1175/1525-7541(2004)005<0735:VATCOW>2.0.CO;2 Fagre, D. B. , Peterson D. L. , and Hessl A. E. , 2003 : Taking the pulse of mountains: Ecosystem responses to climatic variability. Climatic Change , 59 , 263 – 282 . 10.1023/A:1024427803359 Gelfan, A. N. , Pomeroy J. W. , and Kuchment L. S. , 2004 : Modeling forest cover influences on snow accumulation, sublimation, and melt. J
distributed and aggregated simulations for an arctic tundra basin. J. Hydrometeor. , 5 , 735 – 744 . 10.1175/1525-7541(2004)005<0735:VATCOW>2.0.CO;2 Fagre, D. B. , Peterson D. L. , and Hessl A. E. , 2003 : Taking the pulse of mountains: Ecosystem responses to climatic variability. Climatic Change , 59 , 263 – 282 . 10.1023/A:1024427803359 Gelfan, A. N. , Pomeroy J. W. , and Kuchment L. S. , 2004 : Modeling forest cover influences on snow accumulation, sublimation, and melt. J
. , Sturm M. , and Pielke R. A. Sr. , 2002 : Modelled changes in arctic tundra snow, energy and moisture fluxes due to increased shrubs. Global Change Biol. , 8 , 17 – 32 . 10.1046/j.1354-1013.2001.00416.x Liston, G. E. , Haehnel R. B. , Sturm M. , Hiemstra C. A. , Berezovskaya S. , and Tabler R. D. , 2007 : Simulating complex snow distributions in windy environments using SnowTran-3D. J. Glaciol. , 53 , 241 – 256 . 10.3189/172756507782202865 Liston, G. E. , Birkenheuer D. L
. , Sturm M. , and Pielke R. A. Sr. , 2002 : Modelled changes in arctic tundra snow, energy and moisture fluxes due to increased shrubs. Global Change Biol. , 8 , 17 – 32 . 10.1046/j.1354-1013.2001.00416.x Liston, G. E. , Haehnel R. B. , Sturm M. , Hiemstra C. A. , Berezovskaya S. , and Tabler R. D. , 2007 : Simulating complex snow distributions in windy environments using SnowTran-3D. J. Glaciol. , 53 , 241 – 256 . 10.3189/172756507782202865 Liston, G. E. , Birkenheuer D. L
Hydrology 2000 Symp., Santa Fe, NM, Int. Association of Hydrological Sciences, IAHS Publication 267, 129–135 . Marks, D. , Winstral A. , and Seyfried M. , 2002 : Simulation of terrain and forest shelter effects on patterns of snow deposition, snowmelt and runoff over a semi-arid mountain catchment. Hydrol. Processes , 16 , 3605 – 3626 . 10.1002/hyp.1237 Marsh, P. , and Pomeroy J. , 1996 : Meltwater fluxes at an Arctic forest-tundra site. Hydrol. Processes , 10 , 1383 – 1400 . 10
Hydrology 2000 Symp., Santa Fe, NM, Int. Association of Hydrological Sciences, IAHS Publication 267, 129–135 . Marks, D. , Winstral A. , and Seyfried M. , 2002 : Simulation of terrain and forest shelter effects on patterns of snow deposition, snowmelt and runoff over a semi-arid mountain catchment. Hydrol. Processes , 16 , 3605 – 3626 . 10.1002/hyp.1237 Marsh, P. , and Pomeroy J. , 1996 : Meltwater fluxes at an Arctic forest-tundra site. Hydrol. Processes , 10 , 1383 – 1400 . 10
generally shallow and windswept, which allows for the development of frozen soils. This ISA has a mean elevation of 2480 m and a soil type of inorganic sandy, silty, gravelly clay. Fool Creek lies within the Fraser MSA. The Fraser MSA is an area of high relief with dense vegetation, consisting of predominantly coniferous subalpine forests, alpine tundra above the tree line, and largely unforested, irrigated grazing lands in the lowest elevations. Moderate-to-deep snowpacks are typical and increase with
generally shallow and windswept, which allows for the development of frozen soils. This ISA has a mean elevation of 2480 m and a soil type of inorganic sandy, silty, gravelly clay. Fool Creek lies within the Fraser MSA. The Fraser MSA is an area of high relief with dense vegetation, consisting of predominantly coniferous subalpine forests, alpine tundra above the tree line, and largely unforested, irrigated grazing lands in the lowest elevations. Moderate-to-deep snowpacks are typical and increase with
