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record. The lack of the white color (compared to Fig. 3 ) suggests that MERRA-2 produces persistent drizzle, which was observed in the previous MERRA ( Rienecker et al. 2011 ) and is still present, even at native resolution (not shown). Figure 6 shows the daily anomaly of the time series for MERRA-2, which has similar characteristics to GPCP but shows an even larger increase in light precipitation counts starting in 2008–09. The MERRA-2 development team continues investigating this shift that the
record. The lack of the white color (compared to Fig. 3 ) suggests that MERRA-2 produces persistent drizzle, which was observed in the previous MERRA ( Rienecker et al. 2011 ) and is still present, even at native resolution (not shown). Figure 6 shows the daily anomaly of the time series for MERRA-2, which has similar characteristics to GPCP but shows an even larger increase in light precipitation counts starting in 2008–09. The MERRA-2 development team continues investigating this shift that the
forced by radiation. However, because the RWIS sensors used in our study are not outfitted with ceilometers, it is difficult to objectively evaluate the relationship between METRo roadcast errors and cloud cover. OPERATIONAL EXAMPLE. Early on the morning of 8 January 2012, a series of crashes occurred on Interstate 90 (I-90) near Missoula, Montana ( Fig. 4 ). The crashes were a result of light freezing drizzle, which accumulated on the roadway, creating treacherous driving conditions. First
forced by radiation. However, because the RWIS sensors used in our study are not outfitted with ceilometers, it is difficult to objectively evaluate the relationship between METRo roadcast errors and cloud cover. OPERATIONAL EXAMPLE. Early on the morning of 8 January 2012, a series of crashes occurred on Interstate 90 (I-90) near Missoula, Montana ( Fig. 4 ). The crashes were a result of light freezing drizzle, which accumulated on the roadway, creating treacherous driving conditions. First
mentioned, but these moments are in the early stages of testing. The Z e has clear clusters corresponding to both microphysical processes and hydrometeors. Precipitating cloud returns are usually above −15 dB Z . In S-band radars, for example, drizzle occurs up to around 5 dB Z , transitioning to rain up to values around 60 dB Z where hail or very high rainfall rates cause elevated signals. Returns approaching 80 dB Z have been observed, usually aloft and caused by large and/or highly concentrated
mentioned, but these moments are in the early stages of testing. The Z e has clear clusters corresponding to both microphysical processes and hydrometeors. Precipitating cloud returns are usually above −15 dB Z . In S-band radars, for example, drizzle occurs up to around 5 dB Z , transitioning to rain up to values around 60 dB Z where hail or very high rainfall rates cause elevated signals. Returns approaching 80 dB Z have been observed, usually aloft and caused by large and/or highly concentrated
, well-developed mushrooms there (see acknowledgments). COMPOSITION. As rime mushrooms persist, they are exposed to snowfall, graupel, rain, and drizzle. Melt–freeze cycles and solar radiation can also affect the consistency of the ice. In addition, rime mushrooms may incorporate soft rime, clear rime, and even glaze. Soft rime forms when water vapor deposits onto a cold surface to produce ice without changing to liquid first. Soft rime is feathery and when deposited onto an existing snowpack is
, well-developed mushrooms there (see acknowledgments). COMPOSITION. As rime mushrooms persist, they are exposed to snowfall, graupel, rain, and drizzle. Melt–freeze cycles and solar radiation can also affect the consistency of the ice. In addition, rime mushrooms may incorporate soft rime, clear rime, and even glaze. Soft rime forms when water vapor deposits onto a cold surface to produce ice without changing to liquid first. Soft rime is feathery and when deposited onto an existing snowpack is
