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Takuya Kawabata
,
Tohru Kuroda
,
Hiromu Seko
, and
Kazuo Saito

1. Introduction Heavy rainfalls are extreme meteorological phenomena and often cause disasters with loss of human life. Recent progress in numerical modeling and assimilation techniques has made it possible to predict to some extent the occurrence of heavy rainfalls induced by orographic or synoptic forcing. However, predicting small-scale convective rainfalls with weak forcing is still a numerical weather prediction (NWP) challenge. In Japan, such local heavy rainfalls are sometimes called

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Alberto Carrassi
and
Stéphane Vannitsem

correlations defined through The solution in (B3) represents the best fit to the observations and to the dynamical model according to the penalty function in (16) . However, (B3) is coupled to (B4) through the model error term, which appears as a forcing; conversely, the observation term, depending on x ( t ), acts as a forcing in (B4) . As mentioned in section 2 , the method of representers can be used to decouple and solve the Euler–Lagrange equations in the

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Jean-François Caron
and
Luc Fillion

diabatic forcing and divergence. Recently, Pagé et al. (2007) demonstrated the ability of another form of the omega equation to diagnose summertime mesoscale convective systems with a significant accuracy and envisage its utility as a balance constraint in a mesoscale Var system. These new approaches are currently being examined in the Environment Canada (EC) limited-area Var system ( Fillion et al. 2005 ). In terms of rotational wind balance, EC’s limited-area Var system uses, like other mesoscale

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Mark Buehner
,
P. L. Houtekamer
,
Cecilien Charette
,
Herschel L. Mitchell
, and
Bin He

) approach. The vertical localization is configured to force the covariances to 0 at a distance of (a) 2, (b) 4, or (c) 100 scale heights. Fig . 2. As in Fig. 1 , but for a single observation of AMSU-A channel 10. Fig . 3. The analysis increment of temperature from assimilating either (a) the full set of AMSU-A channels (4–10) at the same location used for Figs. 1 and 2 or (b) the vertical profile of temperature observations from a

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