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magnitude of the Lagrangian rate of change of the horizontal θ gradient. The rotational frontogenesis F s gives the Lagrangian rate of change of the direction of the horizontal θ gradient. Scalar frontogenesis, defined by negative F n , occurs to the northeast of the low-level center in the warm-frontal region ( Fig. 9a ). Weak scalar frontolysis occurs to the west of the low-level center in the cold-frontal region. By dividing F n into frontogenesis due to deformation ( F n -def) and
magnitude of the Lagrangian rate of change of the horizontal θ gradient. The rotational frontogenesis F s gives the Lagrangian rate of change of the direction of the horizontal θ gradient. Scalar frontogenesis, defined by negative F n , occurs to the northeast of the low-level center in the warm-frontal region ( Fig. 9a ). Weak scalar frontolysis occurs to the west of the low-level center in the cold-frontal region. By dividing F n into frontogenesis due to deformation ( F n -def) and
