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used for the short- and longwave radiation processes ( Fu et al. 1997 ). The initial fields for the model are created from a three-dimensional variational data assimilation (i.e., 3DVAR) method ( Daley and Barker 2001 ). Lateral boundary conditions for the outermost grid mesh are derived from Navy Global Environmental Model (NAVGEM) forecast fields ( Hogan et al. 2014 ). The computational domain contains two horizontally nested grid meshes of 256 × 150 and 433 × 358 grid points, and the
used for the short- and longwave radiation processes ( Fu et al. 1997 ). The initial fields for the model are created from a three-dimensional variational data assimilation (i.e., 3DVAR) method ( Daley and Barker 2001 ). Lateral boundary conditions for the outermost grid mesh are derived from Navy Global Environmental Model (NAVGEM) forecast fields ( Hogan et al. 2014 ). The computational domain contains two horizontally nested grid meshes of 256 × 150 and 433 × 358 grid points, and the
Community Radiative Transfer Model (CRTM; Han et al. 2010 ), such as the upwelling radiation propagation vector and geomagnetic field vectors ( Maurer et al. 2015 ). Within NAVGEM, systematic radiance biases are identified and removed using variational bias correction (varBC; Dee and Uppala 2009 ), with the LAS and UAS channels treated separately, replacing earlier SSMIS bias-correction procedures described in section 4a of Hoppel et al. (2013) . Bias-corrected UAS radiances are assimilated here
Community Radiative Transfer Model (CRTM; Han et al. 2010 ), such as the upwelling radiation propagation vector and geomagnetic field vectors ( Maurer et al. 2015 ). Within NAVGEM, systematic radiance biases are identified and removed using variational bias correction (varBC; Dee and Uppala 2009 ), with the LAS and UAS channels treated separately, replacing earlier SSMIS bias-correction procedures described in section 4a of Hoppel et al. (2013) . Bias-corrected UAS radiances are assimilated here
.1002/2014JD021460 . Chen , F. , and J. Dudhia , 2001 : Coupling an advanced land surface–hydrology model with the Penn State–NCAR MM5 modeling system. Part I: Model implementation and sensitivity . Mon. Wea. Rev. , 129 , 569 – 585 , doi: 10.1175/1520-0493(2001)129<0569:CAALSH>2.0.CO;2 . Chou , M. , and M. Suarez , 1994 : An efficient thermal infrared radiation parameterization for use in general circulation models. NASA Tech. Memo.104606, 85 pp . Davis , C. , and Coauthors , 2008
.1002/2014JD021460 . Chen , F. , and J. Dudhia , 2001 : Coupling an advanced land surface–hydrology model with the Penn State–NCAR MM5 modeling system. Part I: Model implementation and sensitivity . Mon. Wea. Rev. , 129 , 569 – 585 , doi: 10.1175/1520-0493(2001)129<0569:CAALSH>2.0.CO;2 . Chou , M. , and M. Suarez , 1994 : An efficient thermal infrared radiation parameterization for use in general circulation models. NASA Tech. Memo.104606, 85 pp . Davis , C. , and Coauthors , 2008
many clever methods have been devised to observe gravity waves [e.g., balloon soundings, vertically pointing lidar and frequency-modulated continuous-wave (FMCW) radar, and limb and nadir infrared detection from satellites], they usually observe only one or two physical variables. For example, recent advances in superpressure balloon technology ( Vincent and Hertzog 2014 ) provide good horizontal structure of pressure and wind, but vertical air motion must be inferred and temperature is not
many clever methods have been devised to observe gravity waves [e.g., balloon soundings, vertically pointing lidar and frequency-modulated continuous-wave (FMCW) radar, and limb and nadir infrared detection from satellites], they usually observe only one or two physical variables. For example, recent advances in superpressure balloon technology ( Vincent and Hertzog 2014 ) provide good horizontal structure of pressure and wind, but vertical air motion must be inferred and temperature is not
