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timing of initiation and decay of the MJO can all play important roles on the extratropical responses. In addition to the Rossby wave source, the midlatitude westerly jet as the waveguide for Rossby wave propagation is also considered critical to the MJO heating excited extratropical responses (e.g., Sardeshmukh and Hoskins 1988 ; Jin and Hoskins 1995 ; Bao and Hartmann 2014 ; Henderson et al. 2017 ; Wang et al. 2020 ; Zheng and Chang 2020 ). These studies suggest that the spatial and
timing of initiation and decay of the MJO can all play important roles on the extratropical responses. In addition to the Rossby wave source, the midlatitude westerly jet as the waveguide for Rossby wave propagation is also considered critical to the MJO heating excited extratropical responses (e.g., Sardeshmukh and Hoskins 1988 ; Jin and Hoskins 1995 ; Bao and Hartmann 2014 ; Henderson et al. 2017 ; Wang et al. 2020 ; Zheng and Chang 2020 ). These studies suggest that the spatial and
). The oceanic Rossby waves may also reflect from the western boundary to produce eastward propagating equatorial Kelvin waves. These oceanic waves may further disturb the Wyrtki jets, the eastward flowing ocean currents along the equatorial Indian Ocean appearing in boreal spring and fall, and thus potentially trigger the IOD (e.g., Vinayachandran et al. 1999 , 2007 ; Murtugudde et al. 2000 ; Han et al. 2004 ; Nagura and McPhaden 2010 ; Chakravorty et al. 2014 ; Zhang et al. 2014 ; McPhaden
). The oceanic Rossby waves may also reflect from the western boundary to produce eastward propagating equatorial Kelvin waves. These oceanic waves may further disturb the Wyrtki jets, the eastward flowing ocean currents along the equatorial Indian Ocean appearing in boreal spring and fall, and thus potentially trigger the IOD (e.g., Vinayachandran et al. 1999 , 2007 ; Murtugudde et al. 2000 ; Han et al. 2004 ; Nagura and McPhaden 2010 ; Chakravorty et al. 2014 ; Zhang et al. 2014 ; McPhaden
extratropical wave activity ( Sardeshmukh and Hoskins 1988 ). Hoskins and Ambrizzi (1993) suggested the possible existence of waveguides in the Asian, North Atlantic, and Southern Hemispheric jets. The generation of barotropic Rossby waves by tropical heating in the presence of vertical shear of mean flow, which allows the waves to propagate to extratropics, has been discussed by Lim and Chang (1986) , Wang and Xie (1996) and Xie and Wang (1996) . More recent studies used primitive equation models to
extratropical wave activity ( Sardeshmukh and Hoskins 1988 ). Hoskins and Ambrizzi (1993) suggested the possible existence of waveguides in the Asian, North Atlantic, and Southern Hemispheric jets. The generation of barotropic Rossby waves by tropical heating in the presence of vertical shear of mean flow, which allows the waves to propagate to extratropics, has been discussed by Lim and Chang (1986) , Wang and Xie (1996) and Xie and Wang (1996) . More recent studies used primitive equation models to
of the East Asian trough. The southeastward flow to the rear of the East Asian trough favors the southward intrusion of cold air, leading to the invasion of cold events to eastern China ( Zhang et al. 1997 ; Jeong and Ho 2005 ; Takaya and Nakamura 2005a , b ; Bueh et al. 2011 ; Song et al. 2016 ; Song and Wu 2017 ). The development of the Siberian high and the East Asian trough is closely related to the Rossby wave trains propagating along the polar front jet and the subtropical jet
of the East Asian trough. The southeastward flow to the rear of the East Asian trough favors the southward intrusion of cold air, leading to the invasion of cold events to eastern China ( Zhang et al. 1997 ; Jeong and Ho 2005 ; Takaya and Nakamura 2005a , b ; Bueh et al. 2011 ; Song et al. 2016 ; Song and Wu 2017 ). The development of the Siberian high and the East Asian trough is closely related to the Rossby wave trains propagating along the polar front jet and the subtropical jet
: Influence of El Niño Modoki on spring rainfall over south China . J. Geophys. Res. , 116 , D13102 , doi: 10.1029/2010JD015160 . 10.1029/2010JD015160 Findlater , J. , 1966 : Cross-equatorial jet streams at low levels over Kenya . Meteor. Mag. , 95 , 353 – 364 . Fu , C. , H. Diaz , and J. Fletcher , 1986 : Characteristics of the response of sea surface temperature in the central Pacific associated with warm episodes of the Southern Oscillation . Mon. Wea. Rev. , 114 , 1716 – 1739
: Influence of El Niño Modoki on spring rainfall over south China . J. Geophys. Res. , 116 , D13102 , doi: 10.1029/2010JD015160 . 10.1029/2010JD015160 Findlater , J. , 1966 : Cross-equatorial jet streams at low levels over Kenya . Meteor. Mag. , 95 , 353 – 364 . Fu , C. , H. Diaz , and J. Fletcher , 1986 : Characteristics of the response of sea surface temperature in the central Pacific associated with warm episodes of the Southern Oscillation . Mon. Wea. Rev. , 114 , 1716 – 1739
the equatorial and off-equatorial Rossby waves, have not been studied well. Existing studies (e.g., Meyers 1979 ; Qiu and Lukas 1996 ; Kessler 2006 ) used a 1.5-layer reduced gravity model to investigate the dynamics of the wind-forced low-frequency variability of the tropical Pacific Ocean circulation. In particular, Qiu et al. (2013) used a 1.5-layer ocean circulation model forced with annual cycle winds to produce alternating zonal jets in the Pacific basin. The dynamics are suggested to
the equatorial and off-equatorial Rossby waves, have not been studied well. Existing studies (e.g., Meyers 1979 ; Qiu and Lukas 1996 ; Kessler 2006 ) used a 1.5-layer reduced gravity model to investigate the dynamics of the wind-forced low-frequency variability of the tropical Pacific Ocean circulation. In particular, Qiu et al. (2013) used a 1.5-layer ocean circulation model forced with annual cycle winds to produce alternating zonal jets in the Pacific basin. The dynamics are suggested to
the Philippines. This reached the central South China Sea on 22 January and is further investigated in section 3f . On 21 January a westerly low-level jet (LLJ) developed over the Java Sea. The peak strength at 850 hPa (about 24 m s −1 ) was observed at 0000 UTC 22 January, just west of Makassar. Fig . 4. Daily mean 850-hPa wind vectors and daily accumulated precipitation based on combined microwave-IR retrievals (shading, mm). The longest vector corresponds to a wind speed of 22 m s −1 . The
the Philippines. This reached the central South China Sea on 22 January and is further investigated in section 3f . On 21 January a westerly low-level jet (LLJ) developed over the Java Sea. The peak strength at 850 hPa (about 24 m s −1 ) was observed at 0000 UTC 22 January, just west of Makassar. Fig . 4. Daily mean 850-hPa wind vectors and daily accumulated precipitation based on combined microwave-IR retrievals (shading, mm). The longest vector corresponds to a wind speed of 22 m s −1 . The
-00072.1 . 10.1175/WAF-D-12-00072.1 Dee , D. P. , and Coauthors , 2011 : The ERA-Interim reanalysis: Configuration and performance of the data assimilation system . Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. , 137 , 553 – 597 , https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.828 . 10.1002/qj.828 Findlater , J. , 1966 : Cross-equatorial jet streams at low levels over Kenya . Meteor. Mag. , 95 , 353 – 364 . Findlater , J. , 1969 : A major low-level air current near the Indian Ocean during the northern summer . Quart. J. Roy
-00072.1 . 10.1175/WAF-D-12-00072.1 Dee , D. P. , and Coauthors , 2011 : The ERA-Interim reanalysis: Configuration and performance of the data assimilation system . Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. , 137 , 553 – 597 , https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.828 . 10.1002/qj.828 Findlater , J. , 1966 : Cross-equatorial jet streams at low levels over Kenya . Meteor. Mag. , 95 , 353 – 364 . Findlater , J. , 1969 : A major low-level air current near the Indian Ocean during the northern summer . Quart. J. Roy
Plateau during the warm season ( Wang et al. 2004 ; Bao et al. 2011 ), and likewise for many other continental regions downstream of mountain ranges (e.g., Laing et al. 2008 ). Many studies have argued that a key driver of this phenomenon is the mountain–plains solenoidal circulation ( Carbone and Tuttle 2008 ; Huang et al. 2010 ; Sun and Zhang 2012 ; Bao and Zhang 2013 ), and the nocturnal low-level jet in the case of the United States ( Stensrud 1996 ; Trier et al. 2014 ). These mechanisms
Plateau during the warm season ( Wang et al. 2004 ; Bao et al. 2011 ), and likewise for many other continental regions downstream of mountain ranges (e.g., Laing et al. 2008 ). Many studies have argued that a key driver of this phenomenon is the mountain–plains solenoidal circulation ( Carbone and Tuttle 2008 ; Huang et al. 2010 ; Sun and Zhang 2012 ; Bao and Zhang 2013 ), and the nocturnal low-level jet in the case of the United States ( Stensrud 1996 ; Trier et al. 2014 ). These mechanisms
, https://doi.org/10.1175/2010JCLI3833.1 . 10.1175/2010JCLI3833.1 Jiang , X. , and Coauthors , 2015 : Vertical structure and physical processes of the Madden–Julian oscillation: Exploring key model physics in climate simulations . J. Geophys. Res. , 120 , 4718 – 4748 , https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JD022375 . 10.1002/2014JD022375 Kang , W. , and E. Tziperman , 2018 : The MJO-SSW teleconnection: Interaction between MJO-forced waves and the midlatitude jet . Geophys. Res. Lett. , 45
, https://doi.org/10.1175/2010JCLI3833.1 . 10.1175/2010JCLI3833.1 Jiang , X. , and Coauthors , 2015 : Vertical structure and physical processes of the Madden–Julian oscillation: Exploring key model physics in climate simulations . J. Geophys. Res. , 120 , 4718 – 4748 , https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JD022375 . 10.1002/2014JD022375 Kang , W. , and E. Tziperman , 2018 : The MJO-SSW teleconnection: Interaction between MJO-forced waves and the midlatitude jet . Geophys. Res. Lett. , 45
