Search Results
experiment, observations such as Stepped Frequency Microwave Radiometer (SFMR), flight-level (FL), and tail Doppler radar (TDR) observations were collected through the NOAA WP-3D aircraft ( Rogers et al. 2006 , 2013 ). The different observations primarily focus on the inner-core structures of hurricanes at various levels. For example, the SFMR samples only the surface, the FL observations are usually centered around 700–800 hPa, and the TDR scans three-dimensional (3D) structures with the number of
experiment, observations such as Stepped Frequency Microwave Radiometer (SFMR), flight-level (FL), and tail Doppler radar (TDR) observations were collected through the NOAA WP-3D aircraft ( Rogers et al. 2006 , 2013 ). The different observations primarily focus on the inner-core structures of hurricanes at various levels. For example, the SFMR samples only the surface, the FL observations are usually centered around 700–800 hPa, and the TDR scans three-dimensional (3D) structures with the number of
, HLTCIUV, and ALLTCI than in BASE can be seen in Fig. 12 as well, which verifies the surface (10 m) wind amplitude in 12-h forecasts against the stepped frequency microwave radiometer (SFMR) and the 700-hPa wind amplitude against the flight-level observations, respectively. Although the eyewalls in the four experiments are overall weaker and larger than that observed, ALLTCI still exhibits higher peak wind speed and narrower eyewall than BASE, especially over the southern transect of the flight
, HLTCIUV, and ALLTCI than in BASE can be seen in Fig. 12 as well, which verifies the surface (10 m) wind amplitude in 12-h forecasts against the stepped frequency microwave radiometer (SFMR) and the 700-hPa wind amplitude against the flight-level observations, respectively. Although the eyewalls in the four experiments are overall weaker and larger than that observed, ALLTCI still exhibits higher peak wind speed and narrower eyewall than BASE, especially over the southern transect of the flight
Microwave Radiometer (SFMR), and TDR observations onboard the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration WP-3D aircraft ( Rogers et al. 2006 ) were all collected. These observation types are summarized in Table 1 , and their temporal distribution during Patricia can be found in Fig. 1a of Lu and Wang (2020) . Table 1. Descriptions of the configuration of case-study (“Case study”) and continuously cycled (“Archived data”) experiments. Columns 3, 6, 7, and 8 are adapted from Lu and Wang (2019
Microwave Radiometer (SFMR), and TDR observations onboard the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration WP-3D aircraft ( Rogers et al. 2006 ) were all collected. These observation types are summarized in Table 1 , and their temporal distribution during Patricia can be found in Fig. 1a of Lu and Wang (2020) . Table 1. Descriptions of the configuration of case-study (“Case study”) and continuously cycled (“Archived data”) experiments. Columns 3, 6, 7, and 8 are adapted from Lu and Wang (2019
2015. The surface verification is from the observations of SFMR (Stepped Frequency Microwave Radiometer) on board the NOAA WP-3D aircraft and the 3-km height verification is composited from the TDR radial velocity data provided by HRD ( Gamache 2005 ; both observations can be obtained from HRD 2015 ). While the SFMR observations suggested a small size hurricane (RMW about 18 km) with strong surface wind maximum (close to 60 m s −1 ; Fig. 3a ) around the northeast of Patricia at this time
2015. The surface verification is from the observations of SFMR (Stepped Frequency Microwave Radiometer) on board the NOAA WP-3D aircraft and the 3-km height verification is composited from the TDR radial velocity data provided by HRD ( Gamache 2005 ; both observations can be obtained from HRD 2015 ). While the SFMR observations suggested a small size hurricane (RMW about 18 km) with strong surface wind maximum (close to 60 m s −1 ; Fig. 3a ) around the northeast of Patricia at this time
-core airborne Doppler radar observations . Geophys. Res. Lett. , 38 , L15810 , https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GL048469 . 10.1029/2011GL048469 Zhu , Y. , and Coauthors , 2016 : All-sky microwave radiance assimilation in NCEP’s GSI analysis system . Mon. Wea. Rev. , 144 , 4709 – 4735 , https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-15-0445.1 . 10.1175/MWR-D-15-0445.1
-core airborne Doppler radar observations . Geophys. Res. Lett. , 38 , L15810 , https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GL048469 . 10.1029/2011GL048469 Zhu , Y. , and Coauthors , 2016 : All-sky microwave radiance assimilation in NCEP’s GSI analysis system . Mon. Wea. Rev. , 144 , 4709 – 4735 , https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-15-0445.1 . 10.1175/MWR-D-15-0445.1
–sea interaction theory for tropical cyclones. Part II: Evolutionary study using a nonhydrostatic axisymmetric numerical model . J. Atmos. Sci. , 44 , 542 – 561 , https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1987)044<0542:AAITFT>2.0.CO;2 . 10.1175/1520-0469(1987)044<0542:AAITFT>2.0.CO;2 Rozoff , C. M. , C. S. Velden , J. Kaplan , J. P. Kossin , and A. J. Wimmers , 2015 : Improvements in the probabilistic prediction of tropical cyclone rapid intensification with passive microwave observations . Wea
–sea interaction theory for tropical cyclones. Part II: Evolutionary study using a nonhydrostatic axisymmetric numerical model . J. Atmos. Sci. , 44 , 542 – 561 , https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1987)044<0542:AAITFT>2.0.CO;2 . 10.1175/1520-0469(1987)044<0542:AAITFT>2.0.CO;2 Rozoff , C. M. , C. S. Velden , J. Kaplan , J. P. Kossin , and A. J. Wimmers , 2015 : Improvements in the probabilistic prediction of tropical cyclone rapid intensification with passive microwave observations . Wea
.1175/1520-0469(1987)044<0542:AAITFT>2.0.CO;2 . 10.1175/1520-0469(1987)044<0542:AAITFT>2.0.CO;2 Rozoff , C. M. , C. S. Velden , J. Kaplan , J. P. Kossin , and A. J. Wimmers , 2015 : Improvements in the probabilistic prediction of tropical cyclone rapid intensification with passive microwave observations . Wea. Forecasting , 30 , 1016 – 1038 , https://doi.org/10.1175/WAF-D-14-00109.1 . 10.1175/WAF-D-14-00109.1 Ryglicki , D. R. , and R. E. Hart , 2015 : An investigation of center-finding techniques for
.1175/1520-0469(1987)044<0542:AAITFT>2.0.CO;2 . 10.1175/1520-0469(1987)044<0542:AAITFT>2.0.CO;2 Rozoff , C. M. , C. S. Velden , J. Kaplan , J. P. Kossin , and A. J. Wimmers , 2015 : Improvements in the probabilistic prediction of tropical cyclone rapid intensification with passive microwave observations . Wea. Forecasting , 30 , 1016 – 1038 , https://doi.org/10.1175/WAF-D-14-00109.1 . 10.1175/WAF-D-14-00109.1 Ryglicki , D. R. , and R. E. Hart , 2015 : An investigation of center-finding techniques for
