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A Technique for Estimating Liquid Droplet Diameter and Liquid Water Content in Stratocumulus Clouds Using Radar and Lidar Measurementsestimation. Section 8 presents a summary and conclusions. The appendix contains definitions of many of the acronyms and variables used in this paper. 2. Past attempts at liquid water content and droplet size retrieval Radar, solar irradiance, microwave, millimeter-wave radiometers, and lidar observations are often used for retrieving microphysics of clouds, namely, droplet diameter and liquid water content ( Meneghini et al. 1997 ; Vivekanandan et al. 1999 , 2001 ; Ellis and Vivekanandan 2011
estimation. Section 8 presents a summary and conclusions. The appendix contains definitions of many of the acronyms and variables used in this paper. 2. Past attempts at liquid water content and droplet size retrieval Radar, solar irradiance, microwave, millimeter-wave radiometers, and lidar observations are often used for retrieving microphysics of clouds, namely, droplet diameter and liquid water content ( Meneghini et al. 1997 ; Vivekanandan et al. 1999 , 2001 ; Ellis and Vivekanandan 2011
studies across the subtropical oceans that include significant observational constraints, building on the approach in Sandu et al. (2010) . In particular, observations of top of the atmosphere longwave and shortwave radiative fluxes provide a significant test of the simulations, providing information about boundary layer depth, cloud cover and cloud thickness. Further data products, including microwave satellite observations of total water path and cloud water path also provide rich information about
studies across the subtropical oceans that include significant observational constraints, building on the approach in Sandu et al. (2010) . In particular, observations of top of the atmosphere longwave and shortwave radiative fluxes provide a significant test of the simulations, providing information about boundary layer depth, cloud cover and cloud thickness. Further data products, including microwave satellite observations of total water path and cloud water path also provide rich information about
Pincus 1995 ; Bretherton et al. 1995 ). The ASTEX Lagrangian studies, however, were not made in classic trade wind flow conditions and lacked the aircraft-based lidar and radar observations needed to provide a detailed mapping of cloud and precipitation structures. Fig . 1. (top left) Photo of NSF–NCAR GV and (top right) GOES visible image with aircraft path on 27 Jul 2015 RF10 during CSET. The red points indicate where dropsonde launches were made. (bottom) Photos from this flight were taken by a
Pincus 1995 ; Bretherton et al. 1995 ). The ASTEX Lagrangian studies, however, were not made in classic trade wind flow conditions and lacked the aircraft-based lidar and radar observations needed to provide a detailed mapping of cloud and precipitation structures. Fig . 1. (top left) Photo of NSF–NCAR GV and (top right) GOES visible image with aircraft path on 27 Jul 2015 RF10 during CSET. The red points indicate where dropsonde launches were made. (bottom) Photos from this flight were taken by a
Clarifying Remotely Retrieved Precipitation of Shallow Marine Clouds from the NSF/NCAR Gulfstream Vfür Angewandte Physik Research Rep. 2002-11, 24 pp. McFarlane , S. A. , K. F. Evans , and A. S. Ackerman , 2002 : A Bayesian algorithm for the retrieval of liquid water cloud properties from microwave radiometer and millimeter radar data . J. Geophys. Res. , 107 , 4317 , https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JD001011 . 10.1029/2001JD001011 McFarquhar , G. M. , and Coauthors , 2021 : Observations of clouds, aerosols, precipitation, and surface radiation over the Southern Ocean: An overview
für Angewandte Physik Research Rep. 2002-11, 24 pp. McFarlane , S. A. , K. F. Evans , and A. S. Ackerman , 2002 : A Bayesian algorithm for the retrieval of liquid water cloud properties from microwave radiometer and millimeter radar data . J. Geophys. Res. , 107 , 4317 , https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JD001011 . 10.1029/2001JD001011 McFarquhar , G. M. , and Coauthors , 2021 : Observations of clouds, aerosols, precipitation, and surface radiation over the Southern Ocean: An overview
1. Introduction The climatological stratocumulus to cumulus (Sc–Cu) transition over the eastern subtropical oceans has been a long-standing test of our physical understanding and modeling skill. Through a combination of field and satellite observations and detailed process modeling such as large-eddy simulation (LES), the Sc–Cu transition has been explained as due to the deepening and warming of a cloud-topped marine boundary layer under a strong inversion as it advects toward warmer sea
1. Introduction The climatological stratocumulus to cumulus (Sc–Cu) transition over the eastern subtropical oceans has been a long-standing test of our physical understanding and modeling skill. Through a combination of field and satellite observations and detailed process modeling such as large-eddy simulation (LES), the Sc–Cu transition has been explained as due to the deepening and warming of a cloud-topped marine boundary layer under a strong inversion as it advects toward warmer sea
fluxes increase over warmer waters ( Bretherton and Wyant 1997 ; Wyant et al. 1997 ). As several studies have shown ( Martin et al. 1995 ; Zhou et al. 2015 ), stratocumulus cloud breakup is not an immediate response to MBL decoupling but can be delayed by as much as 1–3 days with cloud cover often remaining above 50% until 500–2000 km downstream of decoupling onset ( Zhou et al. 2015 ). Given the importance of the SCT, it is remarkable that few dedicated aircraft observations have sampled the MBL
fluxes increase over warmer waters ( Bretherton and Wyant 1997 ; Wyant et al. 1997 ). As several studies have shown ( Martin et al. 1995 ; Zhou et al. 2015 ), stratocumulus cloud breakup is not an immediate response to MBL decoupling but can be delayed by as much as 1–3 days with cloud cover often remaining above 50% until 500–2000 km downstream of decoupling onset ( Zhou et al. 2015 ). Given the importance of the SCT, it is remarkable that few dedicated aircraft observations have sampled the MBL
Merged Cloud and Precipitation Dataset from the HIAPER GV for the Cloud System Evolution in the Trades (CSET) Campaigncommonly include liquid water path, which can serve as a geophysical constraint on the microphysical retrievals from active remote sensors (e.g., Frisch et al. 1995 ). The CSET campaign included an upward-looking millimeter-wave G-band microwave radiometer (GVR) for this purpose, operating at four double-sideband channels (±1, ±3, ±7, and ±14 GHz) off the center of the 183.3-GHz water vapor line ( Pazmany 2007 ). GVR data had previously been applied successfully in a stratocumulus-focused aircraft
commonly include liquid water path, which can serve as a geophysical constraint on the microphysical retrievals from active remote sensors (e.g., Frisch et al. 1995 ). The CSET campaign included an upward-looking millimeter-wave G-band microwave radiometer (GVR) for this purpose, operating at four double-sideband channels (±1, ±3, ±7, and ±14 GHz) off the center of the 183.3-GHz water vapor line ( Pazmany 2007 ). GVR data had previously been applied successfully in a stratocumulus-focused aircraft
