Search Results
Hurricane Imaging Radiometer (HIRAD) Wind Speed Retrievals and Validation Using Dropsondesextraordinary intensification of Hurricane Patricia (2015) . Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. , doi: 10.1175/BAMS-D-16-0039.1 , in press . 10.1175/BAMS-D-16-0039.1 Rosenkranz , P. W. , and D. H. Staelin , 1972 : Microwave emissivity of ocean foam and its effect on nadiral radiometric measurements . J. Geophys. Res. , 77 , 6528 – 6538 , doi: 10.1029/JC077i033p06528 . 10.1029/JC077i033p06528 Ross , D. B. , and V. Cardone , 1974 : Observations of oceanic whitecaps and their relation to remote
extraordinary intensification of Hurricane Patricia (2015) . Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. , doi: 10.1175/BAMS-D-16-0039.1 , in press . 10.1175/BAMS-D-16-0039.1 Rosenkranz , P. W. , and D. H. Staelin , 1972 : Microwave emissivity of ocean foam and its effect on nadiral radiometric measurements . J. Geophys. Res. , 77 , 6528 – 6538 , doi: 10.1029/JC077i033p06528 . 10.1029/JC077i033p06528 Ross , D. B. , and V. Cardone , 1974 : Observations of oceanic whitecaps and their relation to remote
experiment, observations such as Stepped Frequency Microwave Radiometer (SFMR), flight-level (FL), and tail Doppler radar (TDR) observations were collected through the NOAA WP-3D aircraft ( Rogers et al. 2006 , 2013 ). The different observations primarily focus on the inner-core structures of hurricanes at various levels. For example, the SFMR samples only the surface, the FL observations are usually centered around 700–800 hPa, and the TDR scans three-dimensional (3D) structures with the number of
experiment, observations such as Stepped Frequency Microwave Radiometer (SFMR), flight-level (FL), and tail Doppler radar (TDR) observations were collected through the NOAA WP-3D aircraft ( Rogers et al. 2006 , 2013 ). The different observations primarily focus on the inner-core structures of hurricanes at various levels. For example, the SFMR samples only the surface, the FL observations are usually centered around 700–800 hPa, and the TDR scans three-dimensional (3D) structures with the number of
Adjoint-Derived Impact of Assimilated Observations on Tropical Cyclone Intensity Forecasts of Hurricane Joaquin (2015) and Hurricane Matthew (2016)forecasts produced for each cycle. All (FNMOC) operationally assimilated observation types are assimilated: surface land/ship observations, aircraft observations, atmospheric motion vectors (AMVs) from geostationary satellite imagery and low-Earth-orbiting satellite imagery, ocean surface wind observations obtained from the Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I), ocean surface scatterometer winds, rawinsonde observations, synthetic tropical cyclone observations ( Goerss and Jeffries 1994 ), total
forecasts produced for each cycle. All (FNMOC) operationally assimilated observation types are assimilated: surface land/ship observations, aircraft observations, atmospheric motion vectors (AMVs) from geostationary satellite imagery and low-Earth-orbiting satellite imagery, ocean surface wind observations obtained from the Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I), ocean surface scatterometer winds, rawinsonde observations, synthetic tropical cyclone observations ( Goerss and Jeffries 1994 ), total
, HLTCIUV, and ALLTCI than in BASE can be seen in Fig. 12 as well, which verifies the surface (10 m) wind amplitude in 12-h forecasts against the stepped frequency microwave radiometer (SFMR) and the 700-hPa wind amplitude against the flight-level observations, respectively. Although the eyewalls in the four experiments are overall weaker and larger than that observed, ALLTCI still exhibits higher peak wind speed and narrower eyewall than BASE, especially over the southern transect of the flight
, HLTCIUV, and ALLTCI than in BASE can be seen in Fig. 12 as well, which verifies the surface (10 m) wind amplitude in 12-h forecasts against the stepped frequency microwave radiometer (SFMR) and the 700-hPa wind amplitude against the flight-level observations, respectively. Although the eyewalls in the four experiments are overall weaker and larger than that observed, ALLTCI still exhibits higher peak wind speed and narrower eyewall than BASE, especially over the southern transect of the flight
) analyzed in this study and its corresponding time window. Observations collected between 1715 and 1915 UTC 22 October as Patricia was in the midst of its record-breaking rapid intensification phase ( Fig. 1a ) are denoted herein as the RI IOP. Microwave imagery shows deep convection in the eyewall wrapping around a compact center of circulation as Patricia had just achieved category 4 status ( Fig. 2a ). Both the P-3 and WB-57 executed figure-4 patterns with the P-3 flying the 700-hPa flight level
) analyzed in this study and its corresponding time window. Observations collected between 1715 and 1915 UTC 22 October as Patricia was in the midst of its record-breaking rapid intensification phase ( Fig. 1a ) are denoted herein as the RI IOP. Microwave imagery shows deep convection in the eyewall wrapping around a compact center of circulation as Patricia had just achieved category 4 status ( Fig. 2a ). Both the P-3 and WB-57 executed figure-4 patterns with the P-3 flying the 700-hPa flight level
Microwave Radiometer (SFMR), and TDR observations onboard the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration WP-3D aircraft ( Rogers et al. 2006 ) were all collected. These observation types are summarized in Table 1 , and their temporal distribution during Patricia can be found in Fig. 1a of Lu and Wang (2020) . Table 1. Descriptions of the configuration of case-study (“Case study”) and continuously cycled (“Archived data”) experiments. Columns 3, 6, 7, and 8 are adapted from Lu and Wang (2019
Microwave Radiometer (SFMR), and TDR observations onboard the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration WP-3D aircraft ( Rogers et al. 2006 ) were all collected. These observation types are summarized in Table 1 , and their temporal distribution during Patricia can be found in Fig. 1a of Lu and Wang (2020) . Table 1. Descriptions of the configuration of case-study (“Case study”) and continuously cycled (“Archived data”) experiments. Columns 3, 6, 7, and 8 are adapted from Lu and Wang (2019
intensity prediction performance ( Burpee et al. 1996 ; Aberson and Franklin 1999 ; Wu et al. 2007 ; Weissmann et al. 2011 ; Aberson 2010 , 2011 ; Chou et al. 2011 ; Wang et al. 2015 ). Dropsonde observations have also become the “reference standard” against which airborne remote wind sensors such as the Stepped Frequency Microwave Radiometer (SFMR) have been validated, resulting in improved hurricane intensity estimation and the use of SFMR as the “gold standard” for hurricane surface wind
intensity prediction performance ( Burpee et al. 1996 ; Aberson and Franklin 1999 ; Wu et al. 2007 ; Weissmann et al. 2011 ; Aberson 2010 , 2011 ; Chou et al. 2011 ; Wang et al. 2015 ). Dropsonde observations have also become the “reference standard” against which airborne remote wind sensors such as the Stepped Frequency Microwave Radiometer (SFMR) have been validated, resulting in improved hurricane intensity estimation and the use of SFMR as the “gold standard” for hurricane surface wind
displacements may be an order of magnitude larger than in Figs. 3a,b and become crucial for locating the observations relative to the center. Fig . 3. Example of a HDSS sonde deployment at 1800 UTC 4 Oct 2015 near the center of Hurricane Joaquin with horizontal displacements in (a) latitude and (b) longitude (relative to Greenwich) as the sonde falls from 18-km elevation to the ocean surface over ~700 s. Observations each second of (c) wind speed (m s −1 ) and (d) wind direction (°) are inferred from
displacements may be an order of magnitude larger than in Figs. 3a,b and become crucial for locating the observations relative to the center. Fig . 3. Example of a HDSS sonde deployment at 1800 UTC 4 Oct 2015 near the center of Hurricane Joaquin with horizontal displacements in (a) latitude and (b) longitude (relative to Greenwich) as the sonde falls from 18-km elevation to the ocean surface over ~700 s. Observations each second of (c) wind speed (m s −1 ) and (d) wind direction (°) are inferred from
southeastern edge of the HIRAD swath, there is a secondary wind maximum with 10-m wind speeds locally as high as 50 m s –1 . This feature is separated from the primary eyewall by a moat of much weaker winds. Microwave satellite imagery and WP-3D lower fuselage radar observations [see Figs. 11 and 12c , respectively, of Rogers et al. (2017) ] indicate that the secondary wind maximum observed by HIRAD is accompanied by enhanced convective activity, which encircles most of the inner core. Although it is
southeastern edge of the HIRAD swath, there is a secondary wind maximum with 10-m wind speeds locally as high as 50 m s –1 . This feature is separated from the primary eyewall by a moat of much weaker winds. Microwave satellite imagery and WP-3D lower fuselage radar observations [see Figs. 11 and 12c , respectively, of Rogers et al. (2017) ] indicate that the secondary wind maximum observed by HIRAD is accompanied by enhanced convective activity, which encircles most of the inner core. Although it is
2015. The surface verification is from the observations of SFMR (Stepped Frequency Microwave Radiometer) on board the NOAA WP-3D aircraft and the 3-km height verification is composited from the TDR radial velocity data provided by HRD ( Gamache 2005 ; both observations can be obtained from HRD 2015 ). While the SFMR observations suggested a small size hurricane (RMW about 18 km) with strong surface wind maximum (close to 60 m s −1 ; Fig. 3a ) around the northeast of Patricia at this time
2015. The surface verification is from the observations of SFMR (Stepped Frequency Microwave Radiometer) on board the NOAA WP-3D aircraft and the 3-km height verification is composited from the TDR radial velocity data provided by HRD ( Gamache 2005 ; both observations can be obtained from HRD 2015 ). While the SFMR observations suggested a small size hurricane (RMW about 18 km) with strong surface wind maximum (close to 60 m s −1 ; Fig. 3a ) around the northeast of Patricia at this time
