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observed by shipborne radar during DYNAMO . J. Atmos. Sci. , 71 , 2859 – 2877 , https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-13-0372.1 . Yoneyama , K. , C. Zhang , and C. N. Long , 2013 : Tracking pulses of the Madden–Julian oscillation . Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. , 94 , 1871 – 1891 , https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-12-00157.1 . Yu , L. , and R. A. Weller , 2007 : Objectively analyzed air–sea heat fluxes for the global ice-free oceans (1981–2005) . Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. , 88 , 527
observed by shipborne radar during DYNAMO . J. Atmos. Sci. , 71 , 2859 – 2877 , https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-13-0372.1 . Yoneyama , K. , C. Zhang , and C. N. Long , 2013 : Tracking pulses of the Madden–Julian oscillation . Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. , 94 , 1871 – 1891 , https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-12-00157.1 . Yu , L. , and R. A. Weller , 2007 : Objectively analyzed air–sea heat fluxes for the global ice-free oceans (1981–2005) . Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. , 88 , 527
TropFlux on the 1° × 1° grid. The ERA-I air temperature is consistent with this SST, according to the physics of the ERA-I model. ERA-I uses NCEP 7-day optimally interpolated SST (OISST; Reynolds et al. 2002 ) for 1989–2001 and daily Operational Sea Surface Temperature and Sea Ice Analysis (OSTIA; Donlon et al. 2012 ) from 2009 to the time of this writing. 3. Methods We isolate intraseasonal variability in OLR, then composite the surface flux variables on the OLR-based index. We select symmetric MJO
TropFlux on the 1° × 1° grid. The ERA-I air temperature is consistent with this SST, according to the physics of the ERA-I model. ERA-I uses NCEP 7-day optimally interpolated SST (OISST; Reynolds et al. 2002 ) for 1989–2001 and daily Operational Sea Surface Temperature and Sea Ice Analysis (OSTIA; Donlon et al. 2012 ) from 2009 to the time of this writing. 3. Methods We isolate intraseasonal variability in OLR, then composite the surface flux variables on the OLR-based index. We select symmetric MJO
: Tracking pulses of the Madden–Julian oscillation . Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. , 94 , 1871 – 1891 , doi: 10.1175/BAMS-D-12-00157.1 . Yoon , J.-H. , 1981 : Effects of islands on equatorial waves . J. Geophys. Res. , 86 , 10 913 – 10 920 , doi: 10.1029/JC086iC11p10913 . Yu , L. , and R. A. Weller , 2007 : Objectively Analyzed Air–Sea Heat Fluxes (OAFlux) for the global ice-free oceans . Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. , 88 , 527 – 539 , doi: 10.1175/BAMS-88-4-527 . Zhang , C. , 2005 : Madden
: Tracking pulses of the Madden–Julian oscillation . Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. , 94 , 1871 – 1891 , doi: 10.1175/BAMS-D-12-00157.1 . Yoon , J.-H. , 1981 : Effects of islands on equatorial waves . J. Geophys. Res. , 86 , 10 913 – 10 920 , doi: 10.1029/JC086iC11p10913 . Yu , L. , and R. A. Weller , 2007 : Objectively Analyzed Air–Sea Heat Fluxes (OAFlux) for the global ice-free oceans . Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. , 88 , 527 – 539 , doi: 10.1175/BAMS-88-4-527 . Zhang , C. , 2005 : Madden
-scale structure of dynamical variables (temperature, zonal winds, humidity, and vertical motion) derived from the sounding network ( Johnson and Ciesielski 2013 ; Ciesielski et al. 2014 ), the cloud population observed from the ground-based precipitation radars (e.g., Zuluaga and Houze 2013 ; Powell and Houze 2013 ), the air and sea processes regulating the atmosphere–ocean interaction ( Moum et al. 2013 ), and the budget of moist static energy in the northern sounding array ( Sobel et al. 2014 , hereafter
-scale structure of dynamical variables (temperature, zonal winds, humidity, and vertical motion) derived from the sounding network ( Johnson and Ciesielski 2013 ; Ciesielski et al. 2014 ), the cloud population observed from the ground-based precipitation radars (e.g., Zuluaga and Houze 2013 ; Powell and Houze 2013 ), the air and sea processes regulating the atmosphere–ocean interaction ( Moum et al. 2013 ), and the budget of moist static energy in the northern sounding array ( Sobel et al. 2014 , hereafter
