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-level processes influencing tornadogenesis in QLCSs remains an important area of research. As in the case of supercellular tornadoes, QLCS tornadogenesis appears to be directly related to the presence of a low-level mesovortex. Atkins et al. (2004 , 2005 ) found all tornadoes in two damaging Midwest derechos to be associated with low-level mesovortices. These mesovortices were stronger, deeper, and lasted twice as long as nontornadic mesovortices; this is an intriguing finding, as supercellular mesocyclones
-level processes influencing tornadogenesis in QLCSs remains an important area of research. As in the case of supercellular tornadoes, QLCS tornadogenesis appears to be directly related to the presence of a low-level mesovortex. Atkins et al. (2004 , 2005 ) found all tornadoes in two damaging Midwest derechos to be associated with low-level mesovortices. These mesovortices were stronger, deeper, and lasted twice as long as nontornadic mesovortices; this is an intriguing finding, as supercellular mesocyclones
over complex terrain during COPS . Meteor. Z. , 17 , 931 – 948 , https://doi.org/10.1127/0941-2948/2008/0348 . 10.1127/0941-2948/2008/0348 Kyrouac , J. , and D. Holdridge , 2018 : Surface Meteorological Instrumentation (MET). Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) user facility, accessed 1 September 2019, https://doi.org/10.5439/1025220 . 10.5439/1025220 Lee , B. D. , and R. Wilhelmson , 1997 : The numerical simulation of nonsupercell tornadogenesis. Part I: Initiation and
over complex terrain during COPS . Meteor. Z. , 17 , 931 – 948 , https://doi.org/10.1127/0941-2948/2008/0348 . 10.1127/0941-2948/2008/0348 Kyrouac , J. , and D. Holdridge , 2018 : Surface Meteorological Instrumentation (MET). Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) user facility, accessed 1 September 2019, https://doi.org/10.5439/1025220 . 10.5439/1025220 Lee , B. D. , and R. Wilhelmson , 1997 : The numerical simulation of nonsupercell tornadogenesis. Part I: Initiation and
-0296.1 . 10.1175/MWR-D-16-0296.1 Rotunno , R. , J. B. Klemp , and M. L. Weisman , 1988 : A theory for strong, long-lived squall lines . J. Atmos. Sci. , 45 , 463 – 485 , https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1988)045<0463:ATFSLL>2.0.CO;2 . 10.1175/1520-0469(1988)045<0463:ATFSLL>2.0.CO;2 Schenkman , A. D. , M. Xue , and A. Shapiro , 2012 : Tornadogenesis in a simulated mesovortex within a mesoscale convective system . J. Atmos. Sci. , 69 , 3372 – 3390 , https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS
-0296.1 . 10.1175/MWR-D-16-0296.1 Rotunno , R. , J. B. Klemp , and M. L. Weisman , 1988 : A theory for strong, long-lived squall lines . J. Atmos. Sci. , 45 , 463 – 485 , https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1988)045<0463:ATFSLL>2.0.CO;2 . 10.1175/1520-0469(1988)045<0463:ATFSLL>2.0.CO;2 Schenkman , A. D. , M. Xue , and A. Shapiro , 2012 : Tornadogenesis in a simulated mesovortex within a mesoscale convective system . J. Atmos. Sci. , 69 , 3372 – 3390 , https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS