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/NCAR 40-Year Reanalysis Project . Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. , 77 , 437 – 471 , doi: 10.1175/1520-0477(1996)077<0437:TNYRP>2.0.CO;2 . Klemp , J. B. , 1987 : Dynamics of tornadic thunderstorms . Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech. , 19 , 369 – 402 , doi: 10.1146/annurev.fl.19.010187.002101 . Lemon , L. R. , and C. A. Doswell III , 1979 : Severe thunderstorm evolution and mesocyclone structure as related to tornadogenesis . Mon. Wea. Rev. , 107 , 1184 – 1197 , doi: 10
/NCAR 40-Year Reanalysis Project . Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. , 77 , 437 – 471 , doi: 10.1175/1520-0477(1996)077<0437:TNYRP>2.0.CO;2 . Klemp , J. B. , 1987 : Dynamics of tornadic thunderstorms . Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech. , 19 , 369 – 402 , doi: 10.1146/annurev.fl.19.010187.002101 . Lemon , L. R. , and C. A. Doswell III , 1979 : Severe thunderstorm evolution and mesocyclone structure as related to tornadogenesis . Mon. Wea. Rev. , 107 , 1184 – 1197 , doi: 10
surface boundary [see Markowski et al. (1998) for a discussion of tornadogenesis in supercells intercepting surface boundaries during the Verification of Rotation in Tornadoes Experiment]. However, the evolution of the radar signatures associated with the Los Altos tornado suggests that it may have been supercellular. In previous studies, California supercell tornadoes have been documented with the more typical right-moving cyclonically rotating storms (e.g., Monteverdi and Quadros 1994 ; Braun
surface boundary [see Markowski et al. (1998) for a discussion of tornadogenesis in supercells intercepting surface boundaries during the Verification of Rotation in Tornadoes Experiment]. However, the evolution of the radar signatures associated with the Los Altos tornado suggests that it may have been supercellular. In previous studies, California supercell tornadoes have been documented with the more typical right-moving cyclonically rotating storms (e.g., Monteverdi and Quadros 1994 ; Braun
disappeared (Fig. ld), leavinga white funnel cloud making contact with the ground,but not making visible contact with any adjacent cloudmass above. It is unusual to see a condensation funnelonly at the ground. The dynamics of this type of tornadogenesis mightbe different from the type which occurs near wallclouds, since wall clouds are associated with updrafts,while the back side of a storm is associated with downdrafts and precipitation. The bend in the condensationfunnel near the ground may have been
disappeared (Fig. ld), leavinga white funnel cloud making contact with the ground,but not making visible contact with any adjacent cloudmass above. It is unusual to see a condensation funnelonly at the ground. The dynamics of this type of tornadogenesis mightbe different from the type which occurs near wallclouds, since wall clouds are associated with updrafts,while the back side of a storm is associated with downdrafts and precipitation. The bend in the condensationfunnel near the ground may have been
, L. A., and C. A. Doswell, III, 1979: Severe thunderstorm evolution and mesocyclone structure as related to tornadogenesis. Mon. Wea. Rev., 107, 1184-I 197.Szoke, E. J., M. L. Weisman, J. M. Brown, F. Caracena and T. W. Schlatter, 1984: A subsynoptic analysis of the Denver tornadoes of 3 June 1981. Mon. Wea. Rev., 112, 790-808.
, L. A., and C. A. Doswell, III, 1979: Severe thunderstorm evolution and mesocyclone structure as related to tornadogenesis. Mon. Wea. Rev., 107, 1184-I 197.Szoke, E. J., M. L. Weisman, J. M. Brown, F. Caracena and T. W. Schlatter, 1984: A subsynoptic analysis of the Denver tornadoes of 3 June 1981. Mon. Wea. Rev., 112, 790-808.
–321. Kristovich, D. A. R., 1993: Mean circulations of boundary-layer rolls in lake-effect snow storms. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 63, 293–315. Lee, B. D., and R. B. Wilhelmson, 1997: The numerical simulation of non-supercell tornadogenesis. Part I: Initiation and evolution of pretornadic misocyclone circulations along a dry outflow boundary. J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 32–60. Peace, R. L., Jr., 1966: Radar characteristics of lake-effect storms. Proc. 12th Conf
–321. Kristovich, D. A. R., 1993: Mean circulations of boundary-layer rolls in lake-effect snow storms. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 63, 293–315. Lee, B. D., and R. B. Wilhelmson, 1997: The numerical simulation of non-supercell tornadogenesis. Part I: Initiation and evolution of pretornadic misocyclone circulations along a dry outflow boundary. J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 32–60. Peace, R. L., Jr., 1966: Radar characteristics of lake-effect storms. Proc. 12th Conf
wind speed. Mon. Wea. Rev , 131 , 2102 – 2111 . Lee , B. D. , and R. B. Wilhelmson , 1997 : The numerical simulation of nonsupercell tornadogenesis. Part II: Evolution of a family of tornadoes along a weak outflow boundary. J. Atmos. Sci , 54 , 2387 – 2415 . Niziol , T. A. , 1987 : Operational forecasting of lake effect snowfall in western and central New York. Wea. Forecasting , 2 , 310 – 321 . Orlanski , I. , 1975 : A rational subdivision of scales for atmospheric
wind speed. Mon. Wea. Rev , 131 , 2102 – 2111 . Lee , B. D. , and R. B. Wilhelmson , 1997 : The numerical simulation of nonsupercell tornadogenesis. Part II: Evolution of a family of tornadoes along a weak outflow boundary. J. Atmos. Sci , 54 , 2387 – 2415 . Niziol , T. A. , 1987 : Operational forecasting of lake effect snowfall in western and central New York. Wea. Forecasting , 2 , 310 – 321 . Orlanski , I. , 1975 : A rational subdivision of scales for atmospheric
.2 . Klemp , J. B. , and R. B. Wilhelmson , 1978 : Simulations of right- and left-moving storms produced through storm splitting. J. Atmos. Sci. , 35 , 1097 – 1110 . Lemon , L. R. , and C. A. Doswell III , 1979 : Severe thunderstorm evolution and mesocyclone structure as related to tornadogenesis. Mon. Wea. Rev. , 107 , 1184 – 1197 . Lenning , E. , H. E. Fuelberg , and A. I. Watson , 1998 : An evaluation of WSR-88D severe hail algorithms along the northeastern Gulf Coast
.2 . Klemp , J. B. , and R. B. Wilhelmson , 1978 : Simulations of right- and left-moving storms produced through storm splitting. J. Atmos. Sci. , 35 , 1097 – 1110 . Lemon , L. R. , and C. A. Doswell III , 1979 : Severe thunderstorm evolution and mesocyclone structure as related to tornadogenesis. Mon. Wea. Rev. , 107 , 1184 – 1197 . Lenning , E. , H. E. Fuelberg , and A. I. Watson , 1998 : An evaluation of WSR-88D severe hail algorithms along the northeastern Gulf Coast
important insight regarding the mechanisms that led to tornadogenesis. Weather radar analysis confirmed that the parent storm was a left-moving cell. Reflectivity values were not particularly high and the storm was rather low topped as compared to “classic” supercells documented in other parts of the world (e.g., Kumjian and Ryzhkov 2008 ). Interestingly, the study by Held et al. (2010) reports further examples of supercells with relatively low tops over SP during the cold seasons (austral autumn and
important insight regarding the mechanisms that led to tornadogenesis. Weather radar analysis confirmed that the parent storm was a left-moving cell. Reflectivity values were not particularly high and the storm was rather low topped as compared to “classic” supercells documented in other parts of the world (e.g., Kumjian and Ryzhkov 2008 ). Interestingly, the study by Held et al. (2010) reports further examples of supercells with relatively low tops over SP during the cold seasons (austral autumn and
