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vegetation in units of depth (e.g., millimeters of H 2 O), which cannot be derived from any of its constituent indicators alone. They directly affect plant stomatal behavior, surface energy balance and water budgets of cropping systems ( Haghighi et al. 2018 ; Grossiord et al. 2020 ), and thus, are critical to analyze for agricultural applications. While fundamental climate variables are adequately analyzed, compound variables of agricultural relevance are not comprehensively addressed for Turkish
vegetation in units of depth (e.g., millimeters of H 2 O), which cannot be derived from any of its constituent indicators alone. They directly affect plant stomatal behavior, surface energy balance and water budgets of cropping systems ( Haghighi et al. 2018 ; Grossiord et al. 2020 ), and thus, are critical to analyze for agricultural applications. While fundamental climate variables are adequately analyzed, compound variables of agricultural relevance are not comprehensively addressed for Turkish
). The water balance describes the process by which water is partitioned across the landscape. According to water balance, the input volume from P is partitioned into evapotranspiration, runoff, and storage ( Black 1997 ; Milly 1994 ). From the concept of water balance, water available is the remnant of precipitation in the land surface after evapotranspiration has taken place. Evapotranspiration is dependent on the availability of water and the atmospheric water demand ( Budyko 1974 ; Roderick
). The water balance describes the process by which water is partitioned across the landscape. According to water balance, the input volume from P is partitioned into evapotranspiration, runoff, and storage ( Black 1997 ; Milly 1994 ). From the concept of water balance, water available is the remnant of precipitation in the land surface after evapotranspiration has taken place. Evapotranspiration is dependent on the availability of water and the atmospheric water demand ( Budyko 1974 ; Roderick
surroundings in summer has generally decreased, especially since the 1990s, and it is not conducive to the occurrence of summer precipitation. Moreover, water vapor transport is not only an important part of the water resource cycle but also the most critical and direct factor affecting precipitation (e.g., Xu et al. 2014 ; Chu et al. 2019 ). Besides, the water vapor transport and precipitation are closely related to the regional water vapor budget (WVB). Although much knowledge about the WVB climatic
surroundings in summer has generally decreased, especially since the 1990s, and it is not conducive to the occurrence of summer precipitation. Moreover, water vapor transport is not only an important part of the water resource cycle but also the most critical and direct factor affecting precipitation (e.g., Xu et al. 2014 ; Chu et al. 2019 ). Besides, the water vapor transport and precipitation are closely related to the regional water vapor budget (WVB). Although much knowledge about the WVB climatic
comparable to annual precipitation totals in the northeastern United States ( Huang et al. 2017 ), changes in LST values and subsequent evaporative losses have the potential to substantially modify precipitation in this downwind region, purely from a water balance perspective. Therefore, as modeling studies seek to understand the underlying causes for precipitation trends, and to provide accurate long-term forecasts in New England under anthropogenic climate change, it is important to examine whether LST
comparable to annual precipitation totals in the northeastern United States ( Huang et al. 2017 ), changes in LST values and subsequent evaporative losses have the potential to substantially modify precipitation in this downwind region, purely from a water balance perspective. Therefore, as modeling studies seek to understand the underlying causes for precipitation trends, and to provide accurate long-term forecasts in New England under anthropogenic climate change, it is important to examine whether LST
recommended product lifetime, even if no problems are detected ( McPherson et al. 2007 ). Observations from the mesonet have been extensively validated ( Scott et al. 2013 ) to ensure that all observations are of research quality. One limitation arises because of site placement within areas of uniform low-growing vegetation ( McPherson et al. 2007 ) as observations may not be representative of those over other land-cover types. 1) Mesonet soil moisture Fractional water index (FWI) is a normalized
recommended product lifetime, even if no problems are detected ( McPherson et al. 2007 ). Observations from the mesonet have been extensively validated ( Scott et al. 2013 ) to ensure that all observations are of research quality. One limitation arises because of site placement within areas of uniform low-growing vegetation ( McPherson et al. 2007 ) as observations may not be representative of those over other land-cover types. 1) Mesonet soil moisture Fractional water index (FWI) is a normalized
MAY 1996 KIM AND STRICKER 749Consistency of Modeling the Water Budget over Long Time Series: Comparison of Simple Parameterizations and a Physically Based Model C. P. KhM AND J. N. M. STRICKERDepartment of Water Resources, Wageningen Agricultural University, Wageningen, the Netherlands(Manuscript received 27 July 1994, in final form 27 November 1995)ABSTRACT This
MAY 1996 KIM AND STRICKER 749Consistency of Modeling the Water Budget over Long Time Series: Comparison of Simple Parameterizations and a Physically Based Model C. P. KhM AND J. N. M. STRICKERDepartment of Water Resources, Wageningen Agricultural University, Wageningen, the Netherlands(Manuscript received 27 July 1994, in final form 27 November 1995)ABSTRACT This
JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY VOr. VMEI8The Water Budget and Potential Water Reserves of the East Africa Source Region of the Nile X. VOWINCKEL AND SVENN ORVIGDepar#nent of Metton~/~ly, MEG/# Unlver~ty, Monir~a2, Canado, H3A 2T6(Mauuscript received 7 January 1978, in final form 16 August 1978)ABSTRACT An energy budget model has been used, with daily synoptic surface and upper air data from four stationsin East
JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY VOr. VMEI8The Water Budget and Potential Water Reserves of the East Africa Source Region of the Nile X. VOWINCKEL AND SVENN ORVIGDepar#nent of Metton~/~ly, MEG/# Unlver~ty, Monir~a2, Canado, H3A 2T6(Mauuscript received 7 January 1978, in final form 16 August 1978)ABSTRACT An energy budget model has been used, with daily synoptic surface and upper air data from four stationsin East
summer drought, for a continental or summer-rain climate in comparison with the less severe long-term reactions in a maritime or winter-rain climate; 2 ) the monthly balance of cvaporabie water and runoff reduction as caused by rainfor~t depletion in tropical Panama. Evapociimatonomy 111 is compared with two other methods for climatic water budget evaluation: 1 ) the Thornthwaite--Mather method using data for Wilmington, Delaware; and 2) the Penman method in a "monthly
summer drought, for a continental or summer-rain climate in comparison with the less severe long-term reactions in a maritime or winter-rain climate; 2 ) the monthly balance of cvaporabie water and runoff reduction as caused by rainfor~t depletion in tropical Panama. Evapociimatonomy 111 is compared with two other methods for climatic water budget evaluation: 1 ) the Thornthwaite--Mather method using data for Wilmington, Delaware; and 2) the Penman method in a "monthly
138JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGYVOWME 29A Climatonomic Description of the Surface Energy Balance in the Central Sahel.Part II: The Evapoclimatonomy SubmodelSHARON E. NICHOLSON AND ANDREW R. LAREDepartment of Meteorology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida(Manuscript received 3 April 1989, in final form ii August 1989)ABSTRACT	In Part I of this article we presented a study of the shortwave radiation budget in the West African Sahel,.using Lettau's climatonomy model. In Part 11
138JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGYVOWME 29A Climatonomic Description of the Surface Energy Balance in the Central Sahel.Part II: The Evapoclimatonomy SubmodelSHARON E. NICHOLSON AND ANDREW R. LAREDepartment of Meteorology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida(Manuscript received 3 April 1989, in final form ii August 1989)ABSTRACT	In Part I of this article we presented a study of the shortwave radiation budget in the West African Sahel,.using Lettau's climatonomy model. In Part 11
canopy, and simple representation is used for heat and water exchanges among the atmosphere, soil, and vegetation compared to the former models. Some models ( Yamada 1982 ; Meyers and Paw U 1987 ) calculate the radiation transfer in canopy and the heat and water budget on leaves with multilayer vegetation representation. However, few models of this type include soil processes to deal with the heat and water exchanges between the atmosphere and the ground surface. A new atmosphere
canopy, and simple representation is used for heat and water exchanges among the atmosphere, soil, and vegetation compared to the former models. Some models ( Yamada 1982 ; Meyers and Paw U 1987 ) calculate the radiation transfer in canopy and the heat and water budget on leaves with multilayer vegetation representation. However, few models of this type include soil processes to deal with the heat and water exchanges between the atmosphere and the ground surface. A new atmosphere
