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months were included to highlight how precipitation forecast skill is lowest during the warm season; the change in error with season is discussed throughout the paper. All members were run via the Advanced Research version of the Weather and Forecasting (WRF) Model ( Skamarock et al. 2008 ) version 3.7.1 with RRTMG radiation ( Iacono et al. 2008 ), Noah land surface ( Tewari et al. 2004 ), 43 vertical levels, a 90-s time step, and GFS initial/lateral boundary conditions (except for one that uses GEFS
months were included to highlight how precipitation forecast skill is lowest during the warm season; the change in error with season is discussed throughout the paper. All members were run via the Advanced Research version of the Weather and Forecasting (WRF) Model ( Skamarock et al. 2008 ) version 3.7.1 with RRTMG radiation ( Iacono et al. 2008 ), Noah land surface ( Tewari et al. 2004 ), 43 vertical levels, a 90-s time step, and GFS initial/lateral boundary conditions (except for one that uses GEFS
al. 2008 ), WRF single-moment 6-class (WSM6; Hong et al. 2006 ), and Morrison double-moment scheme (MDMS; Morrison et al. 2009 ). Thompson and MDMS are double-moment schemes for ice, snow, rain, and graupel. WRFSMN uses WSM6, which employs a single moment representation for all species. Regarding the radiation parameterizations used, the Rapid Radiative Transfer Model (RRTM) ( Mlawer et al. 1997 ) scheme has calculations for multiple bands and microphysics species, while the RRTMG ( Iacono et
al. 2008 ), WRF single-moment 6-class (WSM6; Hong et al. 2006 ), and Morrison double-moment scheme (MDMS; Morrison et al. 2009 ). Thompson and MDMS are double-moment schemes for ice, snow, rain, and graupel. WRFSMN uses WSM6, which employs a single moment representation for all species. Regarding the radiation parameterizations used, the Rapid Radiative Transfer Model (RRTM) ( Mlawer et al. 1997 ) scheme has calculations for multiple bands and microphysics species, while the RRTMG ( Iacono et
