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- Author or Editor: Griffith M. Morgan Jr. x
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Abstract
For the past three years, a Learjet has been making microphysical measurements in new cloud development on the flanks of multicellular storms in the eastern Transvaal area of South Africa. Data from an imaging probe and a forward scattering spectrometer have been averaged for each storm for all first cloud penetrations between −8° and −12°C. Clear images of drops of diameters greater than 300 μm are found in 40% of the 42 storms measured.
Most of the observed drops are associated with the more “maritime” droplet spectra. Also, the appearance of coalescence around −10°C appears to be related to cloud base temperatures and buoyancies, rather than changes in air masses, suggesting that cloud thermodynamics may play a dominant role in determining cloud microphysics in the Nelspruit area.
Abstract
For the past three years, a Learjet has been making microphysical measurements in new cloud development on the flanks of multicellular storms in the eastern Transvaal area of South Africa. Data from an imaging probe and a forward scattering spectrometer have been averaged for each storm for all first cloud penetrations between −8° and −12°C. Clear images of drops of diameters greater than 300 μm are found in 40% of the 42 storms measured.
Most of the observed drops are associated with the more “maritime” droplet spectra. Also, the appearance of coalescence around −10°C appears to be related to cloud base temperatures and buoyancies, rather than changes in air masses, suggesting that cloud thermodynamics may play a dominant role in determining cloud microphysics in the Nelspruit area.
Abstract
A description is given of a broad program to Design and Experiment to Suppress Hail (DESH) in Illinois. This program draws on results acquired during 17 years of extensive hail research in Illinois. There are two principal tasks to DESH: the determination of the desirability and the feasibility of hail suppression experimentation in Illinois and the Midwest. Socio-economic studies have led to an affirmative conclusion on the desirability issues. The feasibility decision appears affirmative and rests on certain key results. Airborne cloud base seeding in the humid midwestern environment is possible but will be more difficult and expensive than in less humid areas. Radar will be needed for short-term forecasting, aircraft operations, identification of potential hailstorms, and in the evaluation of seeding effectiveness. Weather forecasting by objective techniques will be valuable in both operations and evaluation, and adequate objective techniques have been largely developed. The overall shape of the proposed experiment is now clear. It will consist of an impact monitoring effort, which will make assessments of societal, environmental and economic impacts and communicate with the public; an operational effort to execute the experiment according to the final detailed design; and an evaluation effort combining a variety of surface, synoptic and radar data to assess the efficacy of the chosen seeding technique.
Abstract
A description is given of a broad program to Design and Experiment to Suppress Hail (DESH) in Illinois. This program draws on results acquired during 17 years of extensive hail research in Illinois. There are two principal tasks to DESH: the determination of the desirability and the feasibility of hail suppression experimentation in Illinois and the Midwest. Socio-economic studies have led to an affirmative conclusion on the desirability issues. The feasibility decision appears affirmative and rests on certain key results. Airborne cloud base seeding in the humid midwestern environment is possible but will be more difficult and expensive than in less humid areas. Radar will be needed for short-term forecasting, aircraft operations, identification of potential hailstorms, and in the evaluation of seeding effectiveness. Weather forecasting by objective techniques will be valuable in both operations and evaluation, and adequate objective techniques have been largely developed. The overall shape of the proposed experiment is now clear. It will consist of an impact monitoring effort, which will make assessments of societal, environmental and economic impacts and communicate with the public; an operational effort to execute the experiment according to the final detailed design; and an evaluation effort combining a variety of surface, synoptic and radar data to assess the efficacy of the chosen seeding technique.
