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Rebecca E. Morss
,
Julie L. Demuth
,
Heather Lazrus
,
Leysia Palen
,
C. Michael Barton
,
Christopher A. Davis
,
Chris Snyder
,
Olga V. Wilhelmi
,
Kenneth M. Anderson
,
David A. Ahijevych
,
Jennings Anderson
,
Melissa Bica
,
Kathryn R. Fossell
,
Jennifer Henderson
,
Marina Kogan
,
Kevin Stowe
, and
Joshua Watts

Abstract

During the last few decades, scientific capabilities for understanding and predicting weather and climate risks have advanced rapidly. At the same time, technological advances, such as the Internet, mobile devices, and social media, are transforming how people exchange and interact with information. In this modern information environment, risk communication, interpretation, and decision-making are rapidly evolving processes that intersect across space, time, and society. Instead of a linear or iterative process in which individual members of the public assess and respond to distinct pieces of weather forecast or warning information, this article conceives of weather prediction, communication, and decision-making as an interconnected dynamic system. In this expanded framework, information and uncertainty evolve in conjunction with people’s risk perceptions, vulnerabilities, and decisions as a hazardous weather threat approaches; these processes are intertwined with evolving social interactions in the physical and digital worlds. Along with the framework, the article presents two interdisciplinary research approaches for advancing the understanding of this complex system and the processes within it: analysis of social media streams and computational natural–human system modeling. Examples from ongoing research are used to demonstrate these approaches and illustrate the types of new insights they can reveal. This expanded perspective together with research approaches, such as those introduced, can help researchers and practitioners understand and improve the creation and communication of information in atmospheric science and other fields.

Open access
Alain Joly
,
Dave Jorgensen
,
Melvyn A. Shapiro
,
Alan Thorpe
,
Pierre Bessemoulin
,
Keith A. Browning
,
Jean-Pierre Cammas
,
Jean-Pierre Chalon
,
Sidney A. Clough
,
Kerry A. Emanuel
,
Laurence Eymard
,
Robert Gall
,
Peter H. Hildebrand
,
Rolf H. Langland
,
Yvon Lemaître
,
Peter Lynch
,
James A. Moore
,
P. Ola G. Persson
,
Chris Snyder
, and
Roger M. Wakimoto

The Fronts and Atlantic Storm-Track Experiment (FASTEX) will address the life cycle of cyclones evolving over the North Atlantic Ocean in January and February 1997. The objectives of FASTEX are to improve the forecasts of end-of-storm-track cyclogenesis (primarily in the eastern Atlantic but with applicability to the Pacific) in the range 24 to 72 h, to enable the testing of theoretical ideas on cyclone formation and development, and to document the vertical and the mesoscale structure of cloud systems in mature cyclones and their relation to the dynamics. The observing system includes ships that will remain in the vicinity of the main baroclinic zone in the central Atlantic Ocean, jet aircraft that will fly and drop sondes off the east coast of North America or over the central Atlantic Ocean, turboprop aircraft that will survey mature cyclones off Ireland with dropsondes, and airborne Doppler radars, including ASTRAIA/ELDORA. Radiosounding frequency around the North Atlantic basin will be increased, as well as the number of drifting buoys. These facilities will be activated during multiple-day intensive observing periods in order to observe the same meteorological systems at several stages of their life cycle. A central archive will be developed in quasi-real time in Toulouse, France, thus allowing data to be made widely available to the scientific community.

Full access
Jordan G. Powers
,
Joseph B. Klemp
,
William C. Skamarock
,
Christopher A. Davis
,
Jimy Dudhia
,
David O. Gill
,
Janice L. Coen
,
David J. Gochis
,
Ravan Ahmadov
,
Steven E. Peckham
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Georg A. Grell
,
John Michalakes
,
Samuel Trahan
,
Stanley G. Benjamin
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Curtis R. Alexander
,
Geoffrey J. Dimego
,
Wei Wang
,
Craig S. Schwartz
,
Glen S. Romine
,
Zhiquan Liu
,
Chris Snyder
,
Fei Chen
,
Michael J. Barlage
,
Wei Yu
, and
Michael G. Duda

Abstract

Since its initial release in 2000, the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model has become one of the world’s most widely used numerical weather prediction models. Designed to serve both research and operational needs, it has grown to offer a spectrum of options and capabilities for a wide range of applications. In addition, it underlies a number of tailored systems that address Earth system modeling beyond weather. While the WRF Model has a centralized support effort, it has become a truly community model, driven by the developments and contributions of an active worldwide user base. The WRF Model sees significant use for operational forecasting, and its research implementations are pushing the boundaries of finescale atmospheric simulation. Future model directions include developments in physics, exploiting emerging compute technologies, and ever-innovative applications. From its contributions to research, forecasting, educational, and commercial efforts worldwide, the WRF Model has made a significant mark on numerical weather prediction and atmospheric science.

Full access