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- Author or Editor: JAMES E. JIUSTO x
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Abstract
Three yr of winter lake-storm data were analyzed to determine snowfall distribution patterns downwind of Lake Erie and Lake Ontario. The total amount of snowfall and the area of ground cover in each of 23 lake-effect storms were determined for both lakes. Total snowfall mass was highly dependent on time of year; November and early December storms were two to five times more productive than January storms. A considerable variation in snow density (snowfall depth to melt water ratio) could be attributed mainly to differences in snow crystal type.
Abstract
Three yr of winter lake-storm data were analyzed to determine snowfall distribution patterns downwind of Lake Erie and Lake Ontario. The total amount of snowfall and the area of ground cover in each of 23 lake-effect storms were determined for both lakes. Total snowfall mass was highly dependent on time of year; November and early December storms were two to five times more productive than January storms. A considerable variation in snow density (snowfall depth to melt water ratio) could be attributed mainly to differences in snow crystal type.
Abstract
A one-dimensional model was developed to examine humidity fields within a conditioning chamber for measuring ice nucleus concentrations on millipore filters. Representative concentrations of ice and cloud condensation nuclei were assumed, and the interplay among these growing particles (vapor sinks), the supply flux of vapor, and the resultant relative humidity at and above the filter surface investigated.
The model suggests that water saturation is not achieved under typical operating conditions of such chambers. Maximum humidifies reached decrease with increasing numbers of either condensation or ice nuclei, thereby offering another possible explanation of the filter volume effect. Most favorable operating conditions for achieving highest chamber humidities are delineated. The results suggest that this technique is capable of detecting mixed condensation-freezing nuclei, deposition nuclei and some contact nuclei, with the former perhaps being most common not only in filter measurements but also in the atmosphere.
Abstract
A one-dimensional model was developed to examine humidity fields within a conditioning chamber for measuring ice nucleus concentrations on millipore filters. Representative concentrations of ice and cloud condensation nuclei were assumed, and the interplay among these growing particles (vapor sinks), the supply flux of vapor, and the resultant relative humidity at and above the filter surface investigated.
The model suggests that water saturation is not achieved under typical operating conditions of such chambers. Maximum humidifies reached decrease with increasing numbers of either condensation or ice nuclei, thereby offering another possible explanation of the filter volume effect. Most favorable operating conditions for achieving highest chamber humidities are delineated. The results suggest that this technique is capable of detecting mixed condensation-freezing nuclei, deposition nuclei and some contact nuclei, with the former perhaps being most common not only in filter measurements but also in the atmosphere.
Abstract
From historical weather records, a preliminary assessment was made of local climate changes in four major urban areas of New York State. Particular emphasis was placed on cold season precipitation and possible relationships to man's activities. Total snowfall was found to have increased significantly from about 1940, the start of a period of sharp increases in urbanization and industrialization. The relationship was merely coincidental, with the underlying cause of snowfall increases due to natural causes, apparently in part to a corresponding decline in ambient temperature. A few climate trends appeared linked to anthropogenic causes, particularly in New York City.
Abstract
From historical weather records, a preliminary assessment was made of local climate changes in four major urban areas of New York State. Particular emphasis was placed on cold season precipitation and possible relationships to man's activities. Total snowfall was found to have increased significantly from about 1940, the start of a period of sharp increases in urbanization and industrialization. The relationship was merely coincidental, with the underlying cause of snowfall increases due to natural causes, apparently in part to a corresponding decline in ambient temperature. A few climate trends appeared linked to anthropogenic causes, particularly in New York City.
Abstract
Contrails were produced for laboratory study by burning aircraft fuels under controlled conditions of ambient temperature and humidity at pressure altitudes between 1000 and 300 mb. Observed critical formation temperatures differ from Appleman's theoretical data in a manner similar to that obtained on project CLOUD TRAIL flights. Laboratory experiments with these trails proved that the initial phase of the condensed moisture is liquid and produced strong evidence that, contrary to general belief, the final phase is sometimes liquid. Additional evidence was obtained indicating that Appleman's criterion for a barely visible trail (0.004 g per m3 of condensed moisture) is very nearly correct for ideal conditions of observation such as used in the laboratory, but is probably small by an order of magnitude or more for adverse conditions. By modifying Appleman's theory to allow for the production of a visible quantity of liquid water under adverse viewing conditions, agreement is reached with project CLOUD TRAIL data. Also presented is a simple interpretation of the theory which substantially reduces the labor required to compute critical temperatures for contrail formation.
Abstract
Contrails were produced for laboratory study by burning aircraft fuels under controlled conditions of ambient temperature and humidity at pressure altitudes between 1000 and 300 mb. Observed critical formation temperatures differ from Appleman's theoretical data in a manner similar to that obtained on project CLOUD TRAIL flights. Laboratory experiments with these trails proved that the initial phase of the condensed moisture is liquid and produced strong evidence that, contrary to general belief, the final phase is sometimes liquid. Additional evidence was obtained indicating that Appleman's criterion for a barely visible trail (0.004 g per m3 of condensed moisture) is very nearly correct for ideal conditions of observation such as used in the laboratory, but is probably small by an order of magnitude or more for adverse conditions. By modifying Appleman's theory to allow for the production of a visible quantity of liquid water under adverse viewing conditions, agreement is reached with project CLOUD TRAIL data. Also presented is a simple interpretation of the theory which substantially reduces the labor required to compute critical temperatures for contrail formation.
Abstract
Few documented cases exist to demonstrate that highly convective supercooled clouds can be completely glaciated or overseeded. By “overseeding” we imply a sufficient concentration of ice nuclei to accommodate all the water generated in the updraft and to consume rapidly the existing cloud liquid water. One such case is herein presented that describes the ground variations in snow crystal type, size and concentration as a seeded cloud passed by. During this period, snow crystal concentrations increased by approximately two orders of magnitude, and, within the limits of accuracy of the experiment, showed a one-to-one correspondence with the concentration of silver iodide released. Snowflake aggregates were dominant and individual crystals comprising the aggregates averaged only 200 μ, in general agreement with model predictions. Riming of crystals was significantly reduced, with thick plates and solid columns indicative of a “dry” environment replacing the original rimed dendrites. It was evident that heavy seeding, while limiting the riming and size of individual crystals, amplified the snowflake aggregation mechanism.
Abstract
Few documented cases exist to demonstrate that highly convective supercooled clouds can be completely glaciated or overseeded. By “overseeding” we imply a sufficient concentration of ice nuclei to accommodate all the water generated in the updraft and to consume rapidly the existing cloud liquid water. One such case is herein presented that describes the ground variations in snow crystal type, size and concentration as a seeded cloud passed by. During this period, snow crystal concentrations increased by approximately two orders of magnitude, and, within the limits of accuracy of the experiment, showed a one-to-one correspondence with the concentration of silver iodide released. Snowflake aggregates were dominant and individual crystals comprising the aggregates averaged only 200 μ, in general agreement with model predictions. Riming of crystals was significantly reduced, with thick plates and solid columns indicative of a “dry” environment replacing the original rimed dendrites. It was evident that heavy seeding, while limiting the riming and size of individual crystals, amplified the snowflake aggregation mechanism.
Abstract
In Past 1 of this fog study, the distribution of water with number and size of drops in some New England marine advection fogs was shown to be related to the distribution of number and size of salt particles found in marine air. It was indicated that in saturated air the calculated amounts of water condensed on the salt particles produced water distributions as a function of drop size much like distributions observed in numerous advection fogs. The results suggest that salt particles play an important role in the initiation and growth of marine fogs.
In the present work, photomicrographs of drops and of drop salt nuclei from several New England marine fogs are studied. The results confirm the conclusions of the first study, demonstrating even more clearly the direct relationship of drop weight to nucleus weight. The fog drops must have grown in supersaturated air, because in almost all of them the salt concentrations were below the equilibrium values for saturated air. However, the number and sizes of the salt nuclei in the air and fog support the idea that the fogs probably developed first as moderate haze-droplet fogs in saturated air (i.e., relative humidity 100%). A temperature-mixing ratio diagram is used to explain how saturation may be sustained by mixing, for the time intervals required for these haze-drop fogs to develop.
Abstract
In Past 1 of this fog study, the distribution of water with number and size of drops in some New England marine advection fogs was shown to be related to the distribution of number and size of salt particles found in marine air. It was indicated that in saturated air the calculated amounts of water condensed on the salt particles produced water distributions as a function of drop size much like distributions observed in numerous advection fogs. The results suggest that salt particles play an important role in the initiation and growth of marine fogs.
In the present work, photomicrographs of drops and of drop salt nuclei from several New England marine fogs are studied. The results confirm the conclusions of the first study, demonstrating even more clearly the direct relationship of drop weight to nucleus weight. The fog drops must have grown in supersaturated air, because in almost all of them the salt concentrations were below the equilibrium values for saturated air. However, the number and sizes of the salt nuclei in the air and fog support the idea that the fogs probably developed first as moderate haze-droplet fogs in saturated air (i.e., relative humidity 100%). A temperature-mixing ratio diagram is used to explain how saturation may be sustained by mixing, for the time intervals required for these haze-drop fogs to develop.
Abstract
An extensive boundary-layer field program was conducted which included simultaneous measurements of visibility and particle size distributions during fog and haze. Several empirical expressions relating changes in visibility to characteristics of the aerosol (droplet) size spectrum and relative humidity are presented and evaluated. Detailed analysis of one evolving dense fog revealed several points of interest regarding the behavior of drop size spectra, including a scheme for approximating fog supersaturation.
Abstract
An extensive boundary-layer field program was conducted which included simultaneous measurements of visibility and particle size distributions during fog and haze. Several empirical expressions relating changes in visibility to characteristics of the aerosol (droplet) size spectrum and relative humidity are presented and evaluated. Detailed analysis of one evolving dense fog revealed several points of interest regarding the behavior of drop size spectra, including a scheme for approximating fog supersaturation.
Abstract
A numerical model of radiation fog was developed in order to test the sensitivity of variables comprising the model, and evaluate its capability for forecasting the onset of fog from standard radiosonde weather data. Four case studies were considered that included both fog and no-fog occurrences. The variables examined–initial surface temperature and moisture conditions, eddy exchange profiles, radiative flux divergence, and dew formation–were all found to influence critically the model's performance. Prediction of fog occurrence and temperature were reasonably encouraging provided a judicious (though somewhat arbitrary) choice of eddy mixing values was made.
Abstract
A numerical model of radiation fog was developed in order to test the sensitivity of variables comprising the model, and evaluate its capability for forecasting the onset of fog from standard radiosonde weather data. Four case studies were considered that included both fog and no-fog occurrences. The variables examined–initial surface temperature and moisture conditions, eddy exchange profiles, radiative flux divergence, and dew formation–were all found to influence critically the model's performance. Prediction of fog occurrence and temperature were reasonably encouraging provided a judicious (though somewhat arbitrary) choice of eddy mixing values was made.
