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- Author or Editor: Philip W. Suckling x
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Abstract
Indian summer has been defined as a period of clear weather with warm days and cool nights occurring during mid- or late autumn after the first frost or freeze of the season. Weekly clear-day frequencies (using two definitions of clear days: 0.0 cloud cover and 0.0–0.3 cloud cover) are analyzed in this study for periods of more than 30 years for the southeastern sites of Athens, Georgia and Chattanooga, Tennessee in an attempt to detect Indian summer. Results indicate that distinct periods of high clear-day frequencies occur throughout much of October as well as during the first two weeks of November and the week of 29 November– 5 December. Consideration of temperature and synoptic climatological conditions during these latter weeks eliminated their consideration as part of the Indian summer phenomenon. Therefore, Indian summer as defined by clear-day frequency occurs primarily during the October weeks of 4–10, 11–17 and 18–24. As was the case in a previous study for the north-central United States, Indian summer is not usually preceded by the first autumn freeze at Athens or Chattanooga. Therefore, it is recommended that the definition of Indian summer be modified to exclude reference to occurring after the first autumn freeze.
Abstract
Indian summer has been defined as a period of clear weather with warm days and cool nights occurring during mid- or late autumn after the first frost or freeze of the season. Weekly clear-day frequencies (using two definitions of clear days: 0.0 cloud cover and 0.0–0.3 cloud cover) are analyzed in this study for periods of more than 30 years for the southeastern sites of Athens, Georgia and Chattanooga, Tennessee in an attempt to detect Indian summer. Results indicate that distinct periods of high clear-day frequencies occur throughout much of October as well as during the first two weeks of November and the week of 29 November– 5 December. Consideration of temperature and synoptic climatological conditions during these latter weeks eliminated their consideration as part of the Indian summer phenomenon. Therefore, Indian summer as defined by clear-day frequency occurs primarily during the October weeks of 4–10, 11–17 and 18–24. As was the case in a previous study for the north-central United States, Indian summer is not usually preceded by the first autumn freeze at Athens or Chattanooga. Therefore, it is recommended that the definition of Indian summer be modified to exclude reference to occurring after the first autumn freeze.
Abstract
Relationships for determining the maximum permissible distance for extrapolating daily totals of solar radiation from measurement sites are established for mesoscale monitoring networks in southern Arizona and the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) region. The method involves calculation of the standard deviation of the daily differences in solar radiation receipt for pairs of measurement stations in order to determine a coefficient of variability. This is then plotted as a function of distance between station pairs to establish an extrapolation distance relationship.
Results indicate that the solar climate of southern Arizona has much greater spatial coherence than that for the TVA region, thus permitting extrapolation of data over longer distances. However. extrapolation distances for daily totals of solar radiation are very small in either study area. Applied to monthly totals for an error tolerance of ±10% at a 90% confidence level. permissible extrapolation distances of more than 400 km for southern Arizona and ∼200 km for the Tennessee Valley were found. However, the extrapolation distances may vary with season.
Abstract
Relationships for determining the maximum permissible distance for extrapolating daily totals of solar radiation from measurement sites are established for mesoscale monitoring networks in southern Arizona and the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) region. The method involves calculation of the standard deviation of the daily differences in solar radiation receipt for pairs of measurement stations in order to determine a coefficient of variability. This is then plotted as a function of distance between station pairs to establish an extrapolation distance relationship.
Results indicate that the solar climate of southern Arizona has much greater spatial coherence than that for the TVA region, thus permitting extrapolation of data over longer distances. However. extrapolation distances for daily totals of solar radiation are very small in either study area. Applied to monthly totals for an error tolerance of ±10% at a 90% confidence level. permissible extrapolation distances of more than 400 km for southern Arizona and ∼200 km for the Tennessee Valley were found. However, the extrapolation distances may vary with season.
Abstract
A suburban lawn was instrumented in order to study its energy balance components during summer conditions. Results indicate that substantial latent heat fluxes can be experienced with values exceeding net radiation during portions of some days. On average, the energy balance fluxes were similar to those found in previous studies for rural grass surfaces. Since lawns form a large portion of the suburban landscape, this implies that suburban evapotranspiration is an important and perhaps dominant term in the energy balance.
Abstract
A suburban lawn was instrumented in order to study its energy balance components during summer conditions. Results indicate that substantial latent heat fluxes can be experienced with values exceeding net radiation during portions of some days. On average, the energy balance fluxes were similar to those found in previous studies for rural grass surfaces. Since lawns form a large portion of the suburban landscape, this implies that suburban evapotranspiration is an important and perhaps dominant term in the energy balance.
Abstract
A synoptic approach to the analysis of solar radiation regimes is undertaken with the aim of developing a synoptic solar radiation climatology. Synoptic weather types for an area including British Columbia and the adjacent regions of the northeastern Pacific are defined using an objective correlation classification technique. These weather types are shown to determine statistically distinct solar radiation distributions.
However, further analysis shows that the distinctiveness of the solar radiation regimes is not sufficient to be used in practical applications such as interpolation between measurement stations, estimation of solar radiation inputs in the absence of observed data or in the explanation of the interannual variability of solar radiation.
As a result, attempts to base a solar radiation climatology solely on the synoptic regimes defined using the readily available data and techniques employed in this study are not justified. However, the statistical analyses do suggest that the use of more appropriate synoptic data and typing techniques may overcome many of the inadequacies in the present study.
Abstract
A synoptic approach to the analysis of solar radiation regimes is undertaken with the aim of developing a synoptic solar radiation climatology. Synoptic weather types for an area including British Columbia and the adjacent regions of the northeastern Pacific are defined using an objective correlation classification technique. These weather types are shown to determine statistically distinct solar radiation distributions.
However, further analysis shows that the distinctiveness of the solar radiation regimes is not sufficient to be used in practical applications such as interpolation between measurement stations, estimation of solar radiation inputs in the absence of observed data or in the explanation of the interannual variability of solar radiation.
As a result, attempts to base a solar radiation climatology solely on the synoptic regimes defined using the readily available data and techniques employed in this study are not justified. However, the statistical analyses do suggest that the use of more appropriate synoptic data and typing techniques may overcome many of the inadequacies in the present study.
