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' synoptic-scale forcing. Depending on its strength and duration, the mesolow may enhance the low-level convergence of mass and moisture into the existing convective system. It also ,may play a role in the development of the cyclonic circulation that fi'equently accompanies tornado-genesis. Much further study is needed to evaluate these two pos sibilitJies. As pointed out in Section 2, the mechanism for producing mesolows is applicable not only to large convective clouds but to cloud complexes or
' synoptic-scale forcing. Depending on its strength and duration, the mesolow may enhance the low-level convergence of mass and moisture into the existing convective system. It also ,may play a role in the development of the cyclonic circulation that fi'equently accompanies tornado-genesis. Much further study is needed to evaluate these two pos sibilitJies. As pointed out in Section 2, the mechanism for producing mesolows is applicable not only to large convective clouds but to cloud complexes or
University Press, 615 pp (see pp. 423-434).Battan, L, J., 1975: Doppler radar observations of a hailstorm. J. Appl. Meteor., 14, 98-108.358 JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES VOLUME39Brandes, E. A., 1978: Mesocyclone evolution and tornadogenesis:some observations. Mon. Wea. Rev., 106, 995-1011.Brown, J. M., and K. R. Knupp, 1980: The Iowa cyclonic-anti cyclonic tornado pair
University Press, 615 pp (see pp. 423-434).Battan, L, J., 1975: Doppler radar observations of a hailstorm. J. Appl. Meteor., 14, 98-108.358 JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES VOLUME39Brandes, E. A., 1978: Mesocyclone evolution and tornadogenesis:some observations. Mon. Wea. Rev., 106, 995-1011.Brown, J. M., and K. R. Knupp, 1980: The Iowa cyclonic-anti cyclonic tornado pair
dynamics. Science, 231, 1422–1425. Brandes, E. A., 1978: Mesocyclone evolution and tornadogenesis: Some observations. Mon. Wea. Rev., 106, 995–1011. Covey, C. C., and G. Schubert, 1981: Mesoscale cellular convection in the clouds of Venus. Nature, 290, 17–20. Cox, J. P., and R. T. Giuli, 1968: Principles of Stellar Structure : Vol. 1. Physical Principles. Gordon and Breach, 568 pp. Emanuel, K. A., 1994: Atmospheric Convection. Oxford University Press, 580 pp. Graham, E., 1975
dynamics. Science, 231, 1422–1425. Brandes, E. A., 1978: Mesocyclone evolution and tornadogenesis: Some observations. Mon. Wea. Rev., 106, 995–1011. Covey, C. C., and G. Schubert, 1981: Mesoscale cellular convection in the clouds of Venus. Nature, 290, 17–20. Cox, J. P., and R. T. Giuli, 1968: Principles of Stellar Structure : Vol. 1. Physical Principles. Gordon and Breach, 568 pp. Emanuel, K. A., 1994: Atmospheric Convection. Oxford University Press, 580 pp. Graham, E., 1975
. Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech. , 19 , 369 – 402 . Klemp , J. B. , and R. B. Wilhelmson , 1978 : The simulation of three-dimensional convective storm dynamics . J. Atmos. Sci. , 35 , 1070 – 1096 . Kurihara , Y. , and R. E. Tuleya , 1981 : A numerical simulation study on the genesis of a tropical storm . Mon. Wea. Rev. , 109 , 1629 – 1653 . Lemon , L. R. , and C. A. Doswell , 1979 : Severe thunderstorm evolution and mesocyclone structure as related to tornadogenesis . Mon. Wea. Rev
. Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech. , 19 , 369 – 402 . Klemp , J. B. , and R. B. Wilhelmson , 1978 : The simulation of three-dimensional convective storm dynamics . J. Atmos. Sci. , 35 , 1070 – 1096 . Kurihara , Y. , and R. E. Tuleya , 1981 : A numerical simulation study on the genesis of a tropical storm . Mon. Wea. Rev. , 109 , 1629 – 1653 . Lemon , L. R. , and C. A. Doswell , 1979 : Severe thunderstorm evolution and mesocyclone structure as related to tornadogenesis . Mon. Wea. Rev
, N. E. Westcott , R. W. Scott , and M. S. Petersen , 1995 : Responses of warm-based, Midwest cumulus congestus to dynamic seeding trials . J. Appl. Meteor. , 34 , 1194 – 1214 . DeMott , C. A. , and S. A. Rutledge , 1998 : The vertical structure of TOGA COARE convection. Part I: Radar echo distributions . J. Atmos. Sci. , 55 , 2730 – 2747 . Finley , C. A. , W. R. Cotton , and R. A. Pielke Sr. , 2001 : Numerical simulation of tornadogenesis in high
, N. E. Westcott , R. W. Scott , and M. S. Petersen , 1995 : Responses of warm-based, Midwest cumulus congestus to dynamic seeding trials . J. Appl. Meteor. , 34 , 1194 – 1214 . DeMott , C. A. , and S. A. Rutledge , 1998 : The vertical structure of TOGA COARE convection. Part I: Radar echo distributions . J. Atmos. Sci. , 55 , 2730 – 2747 . Finley , C. A. , W. R. Cotton , and R. A. Pielke Sr. , 2001 : Numerical simulation of tornadogenesis in high
Manuscript 69-117, NCAR, 44 pp . Markowski , P. M. , 2003 : Tornadogenesis resulting from the circulation transport of a downdraft: Idealized numerical simulations. J. Atmos. Sci. , 60 , 795 – 823 . Markowski , P. M. , J. M. Straka , and E. N. Rasmussen , 2002 : Direct surface thermodynamic observations within the rear-flank downdrafts of nontornadic and tornadic supercells. Mon. Wea. Rev. , 130 , 1692 – 1721 . Rasmussen , E. N. , 1982 : The Tulia outbreak storm: Mesoscale
Manuscript 69-117, NCAR, 44 pp . Markowski , P. M. , 2003 : Tornadogenesis resulting from the circulation transport of a downdraft: Idealized numerical simulations. J. Atmos. Sci. , 60 , 795 – 823 . Markowski , P. M. , J. M. Straka , and E. N. Rasmussen , 2002 : Direct surface thermodynamic observations within the rear-flank downdrafts of nontornadic and tornadic supercells. Mon. Wea. Rev. , 130 , 1692 – 1721 . Rasmussen , E. N. , 1982 : The Tulia outbreak storm: Mesoscale
STEPHAN P. NELSON 2073Lemon, L. R., 1976: The flanking line, a severe thunderstorm inten sification source. J. Atmos. Sci,, 33, 686--694. , and C. A. Doswell, 1979: Severe thunderstorm evolution and mesocyclone structure as related to tornadogenesis. Mon. Wea. Rev., 107, 1184-1197.Marwitz, J. D., 1972a: The structure and motion of severe hailstorms. Part I: Supercell storms. J. Appl. Meteor., ll, 166
STEPHAN P. NELSON 2073Lemon, L. R., 1976: The flanking line, a severe thunderstorm inten sification source. J. Atmos. Sci,, 33, 686--694. , and C. A. Doswell, 1979: Severe thunderstorm evolution and mesocyclone structure as related to tornadogenesis. Mon. Wea. Rev., 107, 1184-1197.Marwitz, J. D., 1972a: The structure and motion of severe hailstorms. Part I: Supercell storms. J. Appl. Meteor., ll, 166
. Wilhelmson and P. S. Ray, 1981: Observed and numer ically simulated structure of a mature supercell thunderstorm. J. Atmos. Sci., 38, 1558-1580.Lemon, L. R., and C. A. Doswell, III, 1979: Severe thunderstorm evolution and mesocyclone structure as related to tornadogenesis. Mort. Wea. Rev., 107, 1184-1197.Lilly, D. K., 1979: The dynamical structure and evolution of thun derstorms and squall lines. Ann. Rev. Earth Planet Sci., 7, 117 161.--, 1982: The development and maintenance of rotation in
. Wilhelmson and P. S. Ray, 1981: Observed and numer ically simulated structure of a mature supercell thunderstorm. J. Atmos. Sci., 38, 1558-1580.Lemon, L. R., and C. A. Doswell, III, 1979: Severe thunderstorm evolution and mesocyclone structure as related to tornadogenesis. Mort. Wea. Rev., 107, 1184-1197.Lilly, D. K., 1979: The dynamical structure and evolution of thun derstorms and squall lines. Ann. Rev. Earth Planet Sci., 7, 117 161.--, 1982: The development and maintenance of rotation in
, R, 1961: Semi-isotropic turbulence and helicoidal flows. Phys. Fluids, 4, 925-926.Bluestein, H. B., and C. R. Parks, 1983: A synoptic and photographic. climatology of low-precipitation severe thunderstorms in the southern plains. Mon. Wea. Rev., Ill, 2034-2046. , and M. H. Jain, 1985: The formation of mesoscale lines of precipitation. J. Atmos. Sci., 42, 1711-1732.Brandes, E. A., 1984: Relationships between radar-derived thermo dynamic variables and tornadogenesis. Mon. Wea. Rev., 112
, R, 1961: Semi-isotropic turbulence and helicoidal flows. Phys. Fluids, 4, 925-926.Bluestein, H. B., and C. R. Parks, 1983: A synoptic and photographic. climatology of low-precipitation severe thunderstorms in the southern plains. Mon. Wea. Rev., Ill, 2034-2046. , and M. H. Jain, 1985: The formation of mesoscale lines of precipitation. J. Atmos. Sci., 42, 1711-1732.Brandes, E. A., 1984: Relationships between radar-derived thermo dynamic variables and tornadogenesis. Mon. Wea. Rev., 112
these values in Eq. (B5) and assuming again No = 0.8 x 107 m-4, the VTi-Z relationshipat ground level is given bygTi = --0.8 1Z0'017. (B9)REFERENCESBattan, L. J., 1973: Radar Observation of the Atmosphere. University - of Chicago Press, 324 pp.Brandes, E. A., 1984: Relationships between radar-derived thermo dynamic variables and tornadogenesis. Mon. Wea. Rev., 112, 1033-1052.Chong, M., and J. Testud, 1983: Three-dimensional wind field analysis from dual-Doppler radar
these values in Eq. (B5) and assuming again No = 0.8 x 107 m-4, the VTi-Z relationshipat ground level is given bygTi = --0.8 1Z0'017. (B9)REFERENCESBattan, L. J., 1973: Radar Observation of the Atmosphere. University - of Chicago Press, 324 pp.Brandes, E. A., 1984: Relationships between radar-derived thermo dynamic variables and tornadogenesis. Mon. Wea. Rev., 112, 1033-1052.Chong, M., and J. Testud, 1983: Three-dimensional wind field analysis from dual-Doppler radar
