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), and the Air Force Global'Weather Central (AFGWC). These centers providedto the NHC real-time estimates of position and intensityby applying the Dvorak (1984) tropical cyclone analysis technique to imagery from both geostationary andpolar-orbiting satellites. In addition, reports'from ships.and land stations and data from two National Oceanicand Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) researchaircraft flights (into Hurricane Olivia) are included inthe postanalysis. There is likely a greater
), and the Air Force Global'Weather Central (AFGWC). These centers providedto the NHC real-time estimates of position and intensityby applying the Dvorak (1984) tropical cyclone analysis technique to imagery from both geostationary andpolar-orbiting satellites. In addition, reports'from ships.and land stations and data from two National Oceanicand Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) researchaircraft flights (into Hurricane Olivia) are included inthe postanalysis. There is likely a greater
intensity (the maximum 1-min sustained surface wind speed and the minimum sea level pressure). The parameters are estimated at 6-h intervals. They are based on a poststorm analysis of data conducted by the NHC. 1 The primary sources for the analysis are the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Tropical Analysis and Forecast Branch (TAFB; formerly Tropical Satellite Analysis and Forecast unit), the NOAA Synoptic Analysis Branch (SAB), and the Air Force Global Weather Central (AFGWC
intensity (the maximum 1-min sustained surface wind speed and the minimum sea level pressure). The parameters are estimated at 6-h intervals. They are based on a poststorm analysis of data conducted by the NHC. 1 The primary sources for the analysis are the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Tropical Analysis and Forecast Branch (TAFB; formerly Tropical Satellite Analysis and Forecast unit), the NOAA Synoptic Analysis Branch (SAB), and the Air Force Global Weather Central (AFGWC
eastern North Pacific basin. Tropical Cyclone intensity estimates can be obtained from the imagery using the Dvorak (1984) technique. Such estimates, or “classifications,” are provided every 6 h by the Tropical Analysis and Forecast Branch (TAFB) of the Tropical Prediction Center, the Satellite Analysis Branch of the National Environmental, Satellite, Data, and Information Service (NESDIS), and the Air Force Weather Agency. Geostationary satellites are also the source for wind vectors derived from
eastern North Pacific basin. Tropical Cyclone intensity estimates can be obtained from the imagery using the Dvorak (1984) technique. Such estimates, or “classifications,” are provided every 6 h by the Tropical Analysis and Forecast Branch (TAFB) of the Tropical Prediction Center, the Satellite Analysis Branch of the National Environmental, Satellite, Data, and Information Service (NESDIS), and the Air Force Weather Agency. Geostationary satellites are also the source for wind vectors derived from
position and central pressure 36 hr later.i"".%""""--wFIGURE 9.4ame as figure 8, except these are analyses of Gladysat 1200 QMT on Oct. 15, 1968. Note wind velocities comparedwith those of figure 8.HURRICANE DEBBIE, AUGUST 13-25Debbie was of hurricane force for 9 days while travelingover 3,000 mi from the south-central Atlantic.There was a large convective mass of clouds off theAfrican coast on August 13 which moved toward the west-northwest and developed into a depression on the 14th) astorm on the 15
position and central pressure 36 hr later.i"".%""""--wFIGURE 9.4ame as figure 8, except these are analyses of Gladysat 1200 QMT on Oct. 15, 1968. Note wind velocities comparedwith those of figure 8.HURRICANE DEBBIE, AUGUST 13-25Debbie was of hurricane force for 9 days while travelingover 3,000 mi from the south-central Atlantic.There was a large convective mass of clouds off theAfrican coast on August 13 which moved toward the west-northwest and developed into a depression on the 14th) astorm on the 15
vector scale is on the right-hand side of the color bar. Data are from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction––National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP––NCAR) reanalysis ( Kalnay et al. 1996 ). Departures are with respect to the 1971––2000 monthly means. (Images courtesy of the NOAA/Climate Prediction Center.) The season’’s storms produced relatively minor effects on land. Hurricane Bill produced tropical storm––force winds in Bermuda while its center passed well west of the island
vector scale is on the right-hand side of the color bar. Data are from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction––National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP––NCAR) reanalysis ( Kalnay et al. 1996 ). Departures are with respect to the 1971––2000 monthly means. (Images courtesy of the NOAA/Climate Prediction Center.) The season’’s storms produced relatively minor effects on land. Hurricane Bill produced tropical storm––force winds in Bermuda while its center passed well west of the island
the northnorthwestern edge of the main convective cloud mass.The dense overcast became reestablished over the center of the storm a few hours later, as Bret neared theisland of Trinidad and the northern coast of Venezuela.Based on U.S. Air Force Reserve reconnaissance aircraft observations, the central pressure fell to 1002 mbjust after 1800 UTC 6 August. The storm skirted thenorthern coast of Trinidad early (around 0800 UTC)on 7 August, and the center moved along a portion ofthe northern coast of
the northnorthwestern edge of the main convective cloud mass.The dense overcast became reestablished over the center of the storm a few hours later, as Bret neared theisland of Trinidad and the northern coast of Venezuela.Based on U.S. Air Force Reserve reconnaissance aircraft observations, the central pressure fell to 1002 mbjust after 1800 UTC 6 August. The storm skirted thenorthern coast of Trinidad early (around 0800 UTC)on 7 August, and the center moved along a portion ofthe northern coast of
, Texas,at 1200 UTC 23 June. During the following 24 hours,a new broad surface circulation developed just off theupper Mexican coast. Based upon surface observations along the coast anddata from offshore oil rigs, the area of disturbed weatherwas upgraded to Tropical Depression Number Two at1800 UTC 24 June. Early on the morning of 26 June,Air Force reconnaissance aircraft detected a large areaof 22 m s-l winds at a flight level of 500 m, and thedepression was officially upgraded to Tropical Storm
, Texas,at 1200 UTC 23 June. During the following 24 hours,a new broad surface circulation developed just off theupper Mexican coast. Based upon surface observations along the coast anddata from offshore oil rigs, the area of disturbed weatherwas upgraded to Tropical Depression Number Two at1800 UTC 24 June. Early on the morning of 26 June,Air Force reconnaissance aircraft detected a large areaof 22 m s-l winds at a flight level of 500 m, and thedepression was officially upgraded to Tropical Storm
northern semi-circle. Early that evening the center moved inland southof Tampico, Mexico where a maximum wind of 70 knots(81 m. p. 11.) was reported with lowest pressure 29.60inches. I t is thought that winds of hurricane force existedonly for about three hours as the center approached andcrossed the coastline.Many houses in the poorer sections of Tampico wereblown down and some roofs of the better homes wereblown off. Although only 2.5 inches of rain were reported,downtown streets in Tampico were
northern semi-circle. Early that evening the center moved inland southof Tampico, Mexico where a maximum wind of 70 knots(81 m. p. 11.) was reported with lowest pressure 29.60inches. I t is thought that winds of hurricane force existedonly for about three hours as the center approached andcrossed the coastline.Many houses in the poorer sections of Tampico wereblown down and some roofs of the better homes wereblown off. Although only 2.5 inches of rain were reported,downtown streets in Tampico were
and applying the Dvorak (1984) technique. Aerial reconnaissance is rare in this basin. In fact, the only reconnaissance flight in 2004 was conducted by the 53rd Weather Reconnaissance Squadron, the “Hurricane Hunters” of the U.S. Air Force Reserve Command (AFRC) during Tropical Storm Lester when the cyclone was near land. A description of the various observational data sources utilized to track tropical cyclones in this basin is given by Avila et al. (2003) . More information about each named
and applying the Dvorak (1984) technique. Aerial reconnaissance is rare in this basin. In fact, the only reconnaissance flight in 2004 was conducted by the 53rd Weather Reconnaissance Squadron, the “Hurricane Hunters” of the U.S. Air Force Reserve Command (AFRC) during Tropical Storm Lester when the cyclone was near land. A description of the various observational data sources utilized to track tropical cyclones in this basin is given by Avila et al. (2003) . More information about each named
two bearing hurricane-force winds at the time. For this reason, property damageand loss of life were relatively low in the United States($212.58 million in property damage, eight fatalities),the heaviest losses occurring in tropical storm Doria whichnever reached hurricane intensity but whose heavy rainscaused serious flooding in the Middle Atlantic and theNew England States. A summary of 1971 hurricanestatistics is shown in table 1.Curiously, seven of the 12 named storms during 1971formed in the
two bearing hurricane-force winds at the time. For this reason, property damageand loss of life were relatively low in the United States($212.58 million in property damage, eight fatalities),the heaviest losses occurring in tropical storm Doria whichnever reached hurricane intensity but whose heavy rainscaused serious flooding in the Middle Atlantic and theNew England States. A summary of 1971 hurricanestatistics is shown in table 1.Curiously, seven of the 12 named storms during 1971formed in the
