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. Even though it is difficultto infer flow patterns from the TIROS data in the earlystages of tropicttl cyclone development, once welldeveloped tropics1 cyclone appears, past experience sug-gest,s cloud patterns take on definite characteristics. TherrIROS picture on the 29th had all the charucterist.ics ofn txopicd stormFurther verifictltion was received 24 hr. later fromship reporting NE winds force 9 (45 kt.) and rough seasneRr 30.7' N., 29.2" W. On the basis of this infor~nation,the U.S. Fleet
. Even though it is difficultto infer flow patterns from the TIROS data in the earlystages of tropicttl cyclone development, once welldeveloped tropics1 cyclone appears, past experience sug-gest,s cloud patterns take on definite characteristics. TherrIROS picture on the 29th had all the charucterist.ics ofn txopicd stormFurther verifictltion was received 24 hr. later fromship reporting NE winds force 9 (45 kt.) and rough seasneRr 30.7' N., 29.2" W. On the basis of this infor~nation,the U.S. Fleet
) 56 13(4) 14(2) 11(4) I(1) 95(11)the past several years baroclinic depressions have beendesignated as subtropical storms and identified byletters of the phonetic alphabet if winds strengthento gale force. In August, an upper tropospheric coldlow penetrated downward to the surface betweenHatteras and Bermuda and was designated Alfa whenwinds reached gale force off the mid-Atlantic coast.This system weakened before making landfall in Maineand produced no deaths or damages. A
) 56 13(4) 14(2) 11(4) I(1) 95(11)the past several years baroclinic depressions have beendesignated as subtropical storms and identified byletters of the phonetic alphabet if winds strengthento gale force. In August, an upper tropospheric coldlow penetrated downward to the surface betweenHatteras and Bermuda and was designated Alfa whenwinds reached gale force off the mid-Atlantic coast.This system weakened before making landfall in Maineand produced no deaths or damages. A
northwestern Gulf of Mexico just northof National Data Buoy Center (NDBC) buoy 42002(26.0-N, 93.5-W), well to the north of a low-level circulation that had been noted the previous night. Anupper-level anticyclone formed over the new surfacecenter and provided substantial outflow for the developing system. The depression, with its distinctive tropical cloud pattern (Fig. 2), strengthened rapidly andbecame a tropical storm by 1800 UTC 9 August. Maximum sustained winds reported by the oil rigs in thearea
northwestern Gulf of Mexico just northof National Data Buoy Center (NDBC) buoy 42002(26.0-N, 93.5-W), well to the north of a low-level circulation that had been noted the previous night. Anupper-level anticyclone formed over the new surfacecenter and provided substantial outflow for the developing system. The depression, with its distinctive tropical cloud pattern (Fig. 2), strengthened rapidly andbecame a tropical storm by 1800 UTC 9 August. Maximum sustained winds reported by the oil rigs in thearea
the available 0000 and 1200 UTC upper-air data from 1 May to 30 November. The time sections were prepared for several stations and, in conjunction with daily satellite imagery, are used to locate the waves. The presence of a lower-tropospheric cyclonic wind shift, a notable 24-h surface pressure change, and/or the propagation of an organized and distinct cloud mass are the primary parameters used in locating the wave axis. Figure 1 is a vertical time section of the wind for Trinidad for 1
the available 0000 and 1200 UTC upper-air data from 1 May to 30 November. The time sections were prepared for several stations and, in conjunction with daily satellite imagery, are used to locate the waves. The presence of a lower-tropospheric cyclonic wind shift, a notable 24-h surface pressure change, and/or the propagation of an organized and distinct cloud mass are the primary parameters used in locating the wave axis. Figure 1 is a vertical time section of the wind for Trinidad for 1
1. Introduction This summary of 1997 western North Pacific, north Indian Ocean, and Southern Hemisphere tropical cyclones (TCs) was compiled from the archives of the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC), Guam ( JTWC 1997 ). The JTWC is a joint U.S. Navy–Air Force activity with a forecast area of responsibility that extends from 180° westward to the coast of Africa, north and south of the equator. Seventy percent of the world's TCs develop in this area. The Naval Pacific Meteorology and
1. Introduction This summary of 1997 western North Pacific, north Indian Ocean, and Southern Hemisphere tropical cyclones (TCs) was compiled from the archives of the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC), Guam ( JTWC 1997 ). The JTWC is a joint U.S. Navy–Air Force activity with a forecast area of responsibility that extends from 180° westward to the coast of Africa, north and south of the equator. Seventy percent of the world's TCs develop in this area. The Naval Pacific Meteorology and
strengthening. Over the next few days the vertical wind shear took its toll. The low-level center of Alex became fully exposed south of the remaining deep convection on 1 August. Alex turned toward the northwest later that day and continued to weaken gradually. It weakened to a depression by midday on 2 August. Later that afternoon, data from an Air Force Reserve Command (AFRC) “Hurricane Hunter” reconnaissance aircraft showed that the system no longer had a closed low-level circulation, and Alex had
strengthening. Over the next few days the vertical wind shear took its toll. The low-level center of Alex became fully exposed south of the remaining deep convection on 1 August. Alex turned toward the northwest later that day and continued to weaken gradually. It weakened to a depression by midday on 2 August. Later that afternoon, data from an Air Force Reserve Command (AFRC) “Hurricane Hunter” reconnaissance aircraft showed that the system no longer had a closed low-level circulation, and Alex had
Campeche on 27 June, when a broad area of low pressure formed. The wind circulation became better defined on 28 June, accompanied by a slight increase in the convective organization. An aircraft investigated the system and found tropical storm–force winds to the north of the center of the low, suggesting the formation of a tropical storm near 1800 UTC 28 June about 260 n mi (1 n mi = 1.852 km) east-southeast of Tampico, Mexico. Steady development occurred while Arlene moved generally westward, and the
Campeche on 27 June, when a broad area of low pressure formed. The wind circulation became better defined on 28 June, accompanied by a slight increase in the convective organization. An aircraft investigated the system and found tropical storm–force winds to the north of the center of the low, suggesting the formation of a tropical storm near 1800 UTC 28 June about 260 n mi (1 n mi = 1.852 km) east-southeast of Tampico, Mexico. Steady development occurred while Arlene moved generally westward, and the
by the 53rd Weather Reconnaissance Squadron (“Hurricane Hunters”) of the Air Force Reserve Command (AFRC), and by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Aircraft Operations Center (AOC). During reconnaissance flights, minimum sea level pressures are either measured by dropsondes released at the circulation center or extrapolated hydrostatically from flight level. Surface (or very near surface) winds in the eyewall or maximum wind band are often measured directly using GPS
by the 53rd Weather Reconnaissance Squadron (“Hurricane Hunters”) of the Air Force Reserve Command (AFRC), and by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Aircraft Operations Center (AOC). During reconnaissance flights, minimum sea level pressures are either measured by dropsondes released at the circulation center or extrapolated hydrostatically from flight level. Surface (or very near surface) winds in the eyewall or maximum wind band are often measured directly using GPS
any redevelopment of Edouard. On 6 September, Edouard moved westward over the northeastern Gulf, and by 1200 UTC on that day, it was an insignificant low-cloud swirl with minimal deep convection. The system dissipated shortly thereafter, as it became absorbed into the larger circulation of Tropical Storm Fay. 2) Meteorological statistics There were no reports of sustained tropical storm force winds over land associated with Edouard. On 4 September, Patrick Air Force Base reported a peak wind gust
any redevelopment of Edouard. On 6 September, Edouard moved westward over the northeastern Gulf, and by 1200 UTC on that day, it was an insignificant low-cloud swirl with minimal deep convection. The system dissipated shortly thereafter, as it became absorbed into the larger circulation of Tropical Storm Fay. 2) Meteorological statistics There were no reports of sustained tropical storm force winds over land associated with Edouard. On 4 September, Patrick Air Force Base reported a peak wind gust
-southeast of Acapulco. The depression moved generally west-northwestward to northwestward around the southwestern periphery of a midtropospheric ridge centered over the northwestern Caribbean Sea. The cloud pattern became better organized, and the depression strengthened into a tropical storm 12 h after genesis. In a moist, low shear environment and over sea surface temperatures of 29°–30°C, Beatriz quickly intensified. Data from a U.S. Air Force Reserve Hurricane Hunter mission around 1800 UTC 20 June
-southeast of Acapulco. The depression moved generally west-northwestward to northwestward around the southwestern periphery of a midtropospheric ridge centered over the northwestern Caribbean Sea. The cloud pattern became better organized, and the depression strengthened into a tropical storm 12 h after genesis. In a moist, low shear environment and over sea surface temperatures of 29°–30°C, Beatriz quickly intensified. Data from a U.S. Air Force Reserve Hurricane Hunter mission around 1800 UTC 20 June
