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22 April. By 1800 UTC on the next day, thestorm was downgraded to a tropical depression afteran Air Force Reserve unit reconnaissance planereached the system and reported that the minimumpressure had risen to 1008 mb and there were no longerany (sub)tropical storm-force winds in association withthe center. A 1 -C temperature rise in the cyclone centerat a flight level of 500 m was also reported, suggestingthe possibility that this was a borderline warm-coresystem. This, along with the presence of
22 April. By 1800 UTC on the next day, thestorm was downgraded to a tropical depression afteran Air Force Reserve unit reconnaissance planereached the system and reported that the minimumpressure had risen to 1008 mb and there were no longerany (sub)tropical storm-force winds in association withthe center. A 1 -C temperature rise in the cyclone centerat a flight level of 500 m was also reported, suggestingthe possibility that this was a borderline warm-coresystem. This, along with the presence of
clouds and deep convection coveringa large portion of the western Caribbean, suggestingthat a tropical depression was forming near the easterntip of Honduras. That was confirmed by limited surfaceobservations and by an Air Force plane, which foundan incipient 1008-mb center later that day.The depression rapidly reached tropical storm in-tensity while moving northwestward, under the influ-ence of a midlevel pressure trough in the Gulf of Mex-ico. Diana crossed the Yucatan Peninsula and thentook a more
clouds and deep convection coveringa large portion of the western Caribbean, suggestingthat a tropical depression was forming near the easterntip of Honduras. That was confirmed by limited surfaceobservations and by an Air Force plane, which foundan incipient 1008-mb center later that day.The depression rapidly reached tropical storm in-tensity while moving northwestward, under the influ-ence of a midlevel pressure trough in the Gulf of Mex-ico. Diana crossed the Yucatan Peninsula and thentook a more
geostationary and low-earth orbiting satellites, aircraft reconnaissance, weather radar, buoys, and conventional land-based surface and upper-air observations ( Dvorak 1984 ; Hebert and Poteat 1975 ; Hawkins et al. 2001 ; Brueske and Velden 2003 ; Demuth et al. 2006 ; Brennan et al. 2009 ). In 2007, during all NOAA WP-3D aircraft missions and a subset of the U.S. Air Force Reserve C-130 aircraft flights, surface winds were remotely estimated using the Stepped-Frequency Microwave Radiometer (SFMR
geostationary and low-earth orbiting satellites, aircraft reconnaissance, weather radar, buoys, and conventional land-based surface and upper-air observations ( Dvorak 1984 ; Hebert and Poteat 1975 ; Hawkins et al. 2001 ; Brueske and Velden 2003 ; Demuth et al. 2006 ; Brennan et al. 2009 ). In 2007, during all NOAA WP-3D aircraft missions and a subset of the U.S. Air Force Reserve C-130 aircraft flights, surface winds were remotely estimated using the Stepped-Frequency Microwave Radiometer (SFMR
15"N, 113"W. Several ships were ont8he periphery of the storm, but, none reported windsgreater than 25 kt'.The storm moved in a more northerly direction after the]st,, nnd many ships 200-500 n.mi. from the center,excellent satellite pictures, and daily Air Force recon-naissance flights provided data for accurately trackingitjs progress. Fishing vessels near 1O"N between 121" and127OW were caught in heavy 50-60-kt weather under Rband of clouds that fed moisture to the hurricane to theeast
15"N, 113"W. Several ships were ont8he periphery of the storm, but, none reported windsgreater than 25 kt'.The storm moved in a more northerly direction after the]st,, nnd many ships 200-500 n.mi. from the center,excellent satellite pictures, and daily Air Force recon-naissance flights provided data for accurately trackingitjs progress. Fishing vessels near 1O"N between 121" and127OW were caught in heavy 50-60-kt weather under Rband of clouds that fed moisture to the hurricane to theeast
satellite poterrt'ial in hurricanedetection and t'racking was delnonstrnted in 1961. Thetrack of Anna (fig. 1) was begun a t 60' W. late on July 19.However, TIROS I11 at, 0940 EST, July 17, :kt about8 1 2 ON., 43' W. showed that at' least a dcpressiorl was prcseltt(fig. 3). The line ext8erdirlg eastward from the cloud Inassis probably t'lle Intertropical Convergcrlce Zone (ITC) .(All these satellite pictures are print'ed so t ' h t Iligherlatitudes are toward the top of the picture.) HurricancAnna four
satellite poterrt'ial in hurricanedetection and t'racking was delnonstrnted in 1961. Thetrack of Anna (fig. 1) was begun a t 60' W. late on July 19.However, TIROS I11 at, 0940 EST, July 17, :kt about8 1 2 ON., 43' W. showed that at' least a dcpressiorl was prcseltt(fig. 3). The line ext8erdirlg eastward from the cloud Inassis probably t'lle Intertropical Convergcrlce Zone (ITC) .(All these satellite pictures are print'ed so t ' h t Iligherlatitudes are toward the top of the picture.) HurricancAnna four
center of Mindy passed near the Turks and Caicos Islands on 11 October, but heavy rain and tropical storm–force winds remained east of these islands. Mindy weakened to a depression on 12 October and then turned eastward ahead of an approaching short-wave trough in the westerlies. Devoid of deep convection, the remnant swirl of low clouds dissipated early on 14 October while located about 400 n mi south-southwest of Bermuda. A reconnaissance aircraft flew into the system as it moved away from the
center of Mindy passed near the Turks and Caicos Islands on 11 October, but heavy rain and tropical storm–force winds remained east of these islands. Mindy weakened to a depression on 12 October and then turned eastward ahead of an approaching short-wave trough in the westerlies. Devoid of deep convection, the remnant swirl of low clouds dissipated early on 14 October while located about 400 n mi south-southwest of Bermuda. A reconnaissance aircraft flew into the system as it moved away from the
the persistent high level westerlies which caused its deep convective clouds to besheared off in the vertical and dissipate. The remaining low level circulation was downgraded to tropicaldepression status on 2 September (Fig. 8). As thedepression approached the Leeward Islands on 6 September, an Air Force reconnaissance plane found thatall signs of the circulation had disappeared. It is quitelikely that Beryl would have gone undetected in presatellite days.d. Tropical Storm Chris, 9-12 September
the persistent high level westerlies which caused its deep convective clouds to besheared off in the vertical and dissipate. The remaining low level circulation was downgraded to tropicaldepression status on 2 September (Fig. 8). As thedepression approached the Leeward Islands on 6 September, an Air Force reconnaissance plane found thatall signs of the circulation had disappeared. It is quitelikely that Beryl would have gone undetected in presatellite days.d. Tropical Storm Chris, 9-12 September
.The primary data sources for the postanalysis are theNational Hurricane Center (NHC) Tropical SatelliteAnalysis and Forecast Unit, the Synoptic AnalysisBranch of the National Environmental Satellite Dataand Information Service, and the Air Force GlobalWeather Central (AFGWC). These centers providedto the NHC real-time estimates of position and intensityby applying the Dvorak (1984) tropical cyclone analysis technique to imagery from the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES-7), Meteosat
.The primary data sources for the postanalysis are theNational Hurricane Center (NHC) Tropical SatelliteAnalysis and Forecast Unit, the Synoptic AnalysisBranch of the National Environmental Satellite Dataand Information Service, and the Air Force GlobalWeather Central (AFGWC). These centers providedto the NHC real-time estimates of position and intensityby applying the Dvorak (1984) tropical cyclone analysis technique to imagery from the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES-7), Meteosat
). Prior to the satellite era, itWRR impossible t,o mnintnin continuity on t,ropicnl spstcmstrsbcersing the Atlantic Ocetm, bemuse of data considera-tiom. The natellite has given us the tool to bridge this gap.Thc Atlnntic disturbances hnve been divided into twocategories based 011 their cloud distribution. If the strato-cumulus Geld that normally exists over the eastern tropknlAtlantic Oceau north of the intertropical convergence zone(ITCZ) is organized into an "inverted V" pattern, thes\-st,em has
). Prior to the satellite era, itWRR impossible t,o mnintnin continuity on t,ropicnl spstcmstrsbcersing the Atlantic Ocetm, bemuse of data considera-tiom. The natellite has given us the tool to bridge this gap.Thc Atlnntic disturbances hnve been divided into twocategories based 011 their cloud distribution. If the strato-cumulus Geld that normally exists over the eastern tropknlAtlantic Oceau north of the intertropical convergence zone(ITCZ) is organized into an "inverted V" pattern, thes\-st,em has
. The first was the failure of the QuikSCAT scatterometer in December 2009. The second was the presence of research aircraft data from the National Science Foundation (NSF), the National Center for Atmospheric Research, and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) special field experiments during 2010: the Pre-Depression Investigation of Cloud Systems in the Tropics (PREDICT) and the Genesis and Rapid Intensification Processes (GRIP; Montgomery et al. 2012 ). These data augmented
. The first was the failure of the QuikSCAT scatterometer in December 2009. The second was the presence of research aircraft data from the National Science Foundation (NSF), the National Center for Atmospheric Research, and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) special field experiments during 2010: the Pre-Depression Investigation of Cloud Systems in the Tropics (PREDICT) and the Genesis and Rapid Intensification Processes (GRIP; Montgomery et al. 2012 ). These data augmented
