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across the boundary of the integration domain [second term in Eq. (5) ]. Not explicitly included in the barotropic framework of Boer (1984) , the third term in Eq. (5) constitutes an error source due to the divergence of the quasi-horizontal (adiabatic) flow. The remaining terms describe the influence of nonconservative processes (term 4), the boundary contribution due to changes in the integration area (term 5), and the residual (term 6). We evaluate the PV error tendency equation on an
across the boundary of the integration domain [second term in Eq. (5) ]. Not explicitly included in the barotropic framework of Boer (1984) , the third term in Eq. (5) constitutes an error source due to the divergence of the quasi-horizontal (adiabatic) flow. The remaining terms describe the influence of nonconservative processes (term 4), the boundary contribution due to changes in the integration area (term 5), and the residual (term 6). We evaluate the PV error tendency equation on an
) and http://www.cosmo-model.org for more details on the computational methods]. The model is set up with a horizontal resolution of 0.025° (about 2.5 km at 35°N) and 57 vertical levels up to 30-km height, with an enhanced vertical resolution in the planetary boundary layer. Shallow convection is parameterized using the mass-flux scheme of Tiedtke (1989) , while middle and high convection are explicitly computed. For all parameterized processes, the default setup of COSMO is used ( Doms et al
) and http://www.cosmo-model.org for more details on the computational methods]. The model is set up with a horizontal resolution of 0.025° (about 2.5 km at 35°N) and 57 vertical levels up to 30-km height, with an enhanced vertical resolution in the planetary boundary layer. Shallow convection is parameterized using the mass-flux scheme of Tiedtke (1989) , while middle and high convection are explicitly computed. For all parameterized processes, the default setup of COSMO is used ( Doms et al
